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SectionIVGrammarWriting单元语法现在分词KEQIANZIZHULINGWU语法图解//1一般式dcing/beingdone时态和语^{;、-^xl完成式havingdone/havingbeendone-(原因状语〕结果状语)-(条件状语)-C让步状语〕匚(伴随和方式瓯_/(连词十现在分词)特殊结构F〔nol+现在分词一)〔现在分词的固定短语〕现在分词探究发觉
①Havingfinishedhishomeworkhewenttobed.
②Iusedtofindatriptotheparkveryrelaxing.
③Havingbeendiscussedseveraltimesthedecisionwasfinallymade.@Thestateofourparksisveryshockingwithrubbisheverywhere.©Othertypesofwasteflowintoourwaterkillingriverandsealife.©Therearesomanyinterestinganimalsandinsectslivinginourparks.
⑦Asthelecturebeinggivenisofgreatimportancethestudentsarelisteningverycarefully.©Whenpeoplethinkoffactoriestheythinkofcloudsofdirtysmokeorofpipespouringchemicalwasteintorivers.
⑨Readingaboutyournewspaper,sdecisiontostartacampaignforprotectingtheenvironmentIdecidedtowriteyouthisletter.「我的发觉11以上各句中的黑体局部在句中担当的成分不尽相同黑体局部在第
⑥、
⑦、
⑧句中作定语;在第
④句中作表语;在第
②句中作补语;在第
①、
③、
⑤、
⑨句中作状语2从以上第
⑥、
⑦、
⑧句来看,现在分词在句中作定语时位置不同单个的分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰名词的前面;分词短语作定语时通常放在所修饰名词的后面,那么海报留意词数100左右标题和署名已给出,不计入总词数FightingagainstdesertificationTheStudents,Union第一步审题构思很关键
一、审题.确定体裁本文为英文海报.确定人称本文人称应以第三人称为主.确定时态主要用一般现在时
二、构思正文支配以下三段内容第一段荒漠化问题;其次段消失这些问题的缘由;第三段发出建议其次步核心词汇想周全threatenbereplacedwithsufferfromincreasebycontributeto/leadtospeedupthereisnodoubtthatlaketheresponsibililytodoslh.promotepeoplesawarenesstakeanactivepartin第三步由词扩句雏形现Inrecentyearsdesertificationhasgonefrombadtoworseandthreatenedusinmanyways..全球大约四分之一的陆地面积被沙漠替代被动语态Aboutonefourthoftheworld,slandsurfacehasbeenreplacedwithdesert..下个世纪,沙漠地区的面积可能会增加17%sth.belikelytodo...Theareaofdesertislikelytoincreaseby17%inthenextcentury.4」一项调查说明,很多因素导致这一现象的发生宾语从句Surveyshowsthatmanyfactorscontributetothephenomenon..人类的糟糕行为应受责怪,例如非法砍伐、不栽树等betoblameHumanbeingsbadbehaviouristoblamesuchasillegalcuttingplantingnotreesandsoon..毫无疑问,假如任这种状况持续下去,我们的环境将受到更大的破坏withoutdoubtOurenvironmentwillwithoutdoubtsufferagreaterdestructionifweletthissituationcontinueasitis..政府应当号召人们多栽树callonsb.todosth.Thegovernmentshouldcallonpeopletoplantmoretrees..我们年轻人应当担负起责任,提高人们的环保意识Weyoungpeopleshouldtaketheresponsibilitytopromotepeoplesawarenessoftheenviionmentalprotection.第四步句式升级造亮点.用Itislikelythat…句式改写句3Itislikelythattheareaofdesertwillincreaseby17%inthenextcentury..用Thereisnodoubtthat…句式改写句6Thereisnodoubtthatourenvironmentwillsufferagreaterdestructionifweletthissituationcontinueasitis.第五步过渡连接联成篇FightingagainstdesertificationInrecentyearsdesertificationhasgone-ombadtoworseandthreatenedusinmanyways.Aboutonefourthoftheworldslandsurfacehasbeenreplacedwithdesort.WorsestillAslikelythattheareaofdesertwillincreaseby17%inthenextcentury.Surveyshowsthatmanyfactorscontributetothephenomenon.Firsthumanbeingsbadbehaviouristoblamesuchasillegalcuttingplantingnotreesandsoon.Secondfloodandglobalwarminghavealsospeededuptheprocess.Thereisnodoubtthatourenvironmentwillsufferagreaterdestructionifweletthissituationcontinueasitis^Thefollowingmeasuresmaystopfurtherdesertification.Ontheonehandthegovernmentshouldcallonpeopletoplantmoretrees.Ontheotherhandweyoungpeopleshouldtaketheresponsibilitytopromotepeoplesawarenessoftheenvironmentalprotection.Justtakeanactivepartintheactivities!TheStudents,Union3第
①、
③、
⑤句中现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间不同在第
⑤句中,现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作回收发生;在第
①、
③、
⑨句中,现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前4第
③、
⑦句中现在分词与其规律主语存在着被动关系
一、现在分词的时态和语态现在分词的构成为“动词+-ing〃现在分词有一般式和完成式,还有主动和被动两种形式Marysaidangrilypointingtothenotice.玛丽生气地指着布告说Havingwateredthevegetableswebegantodigtheground.我们浇过菜之后,就开头挖地ThisistheputerbeingrepairedbyTom.这就是由汤姆正在修的电脑HavingbeencriticizedbytheteacherWangMinggaveupsmoking.受到老师的批判后,王明戒烟了[即时演练1]用所给词的适当形式填空©HavingstudiedstudyEnglishforthreeyearshecanreadbriefstoriesinEnglish.
②SeeingseethestrangeringtowardshimlittleJimranawayasfastashecould.©Havingbeencalledcallbyastrangerherealizedwhatwouldhappen.
④Helistenedtothetapemakingmakenotesnowandthen.
二、现在分词的句法功能L作定语单个的分词作定语时一般放在被修饰词之前;现在分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后,且往往可转化为定语从句Hebroughtusaninterestingbook.他给我们带来了一本好玩的书Themansittingunderabigtreeismyuncle.坐在大树下的人是我的叔叔Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowwillbeourdininghall.=Thebuildingwhichisbeingbuiltnowwillbeourdininghall.现在正在建筑的建筑将是我们的餐厅I辨析比拟]比拟amovingtruck正在移动的汽车moving为现在分词,,与truck是主谓关系Vamovingtruck搬家汽车moving为动名词,说明truck的用途ahuntingdog正在猎物的狗hunting为现在分词,,与dog是主谓关系ahuntingdog猎狗hunting为动名词,说明dog的用途[名师点津]1有些现在分词已经转化成形容词,它之前常有程度副词或最高级等常见的这种形容词化的现在分词有excitinginterestingsurprisingpuzzlingfrighteningamusing等2现在分词的完成式即havingdone/havingbeendone一殳不作限制性定语[正]Thestudentswhohaveseenthefilmareingoutofthecinema.[误]Thestudentshavingseenthefilmareingoutofthecinema.看完电影的同学们正走出电影院[即时演练2]1句型转换
①Telltheboyswhoareplayingovertherenottomakeanynoise.fTelltheboysplayingovertherenottomakeanynoise.
②Thisisthepathwhichleadstotheschool.fThisisthepathleadingtotheschool.2单句改错©Therearepeoplecryingandpeoplelaugh.laughflaughing
②Thebuildingbuiltnowwillbethetallestinourcity.building后力口being
2.作表语现在分词作表语,用来说明主语的性质和特征,相当于形容词,其主语通常是物一般总艮在连系动词begetbeelooksoundfeelkeepremaingrowseemappear等后面Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.旅行是好玩的,但也是令人疲惫的Thenewsisencouraging.这消息令人鼓舞[辨析比拟]比拟Myjobisinteresting.我的工作很好玩interesting为现在分词,表示“工作〃的特征Myjobisteaching.我的工作是教书teaching为动名词,它是对“工作〃内容的进一步说明[即时演练3]用所给词的适当形式填空
①一Thestorythattheoldmantoldwastouchingtouch.—Yesandveryinspiringinspire.2Whathesaidwasdisappointingdisappoint.
③Theresultoftheaccidentisshockingshock..作补语现在分词可以在seehearnoticewatchfeellookatlistentoobservehavegetleavekeepsetcatchfind等动词短语后面作宾语补足语变成被动语态时,现在分词就成了主语补足语Thepolicecaughthimstealingacar.警察当场撞见他在偷汽车Hewascaughtstealingacarbythepolice.他偷汽车时被警察当场撞见Icouldfeelmyheartbeatingwildly.我能够感觉到我的心在猛烈地跳动Wenoticedhimswimmingintheswimmingpool.我们留意到他在游泳池里游泳[名师点津]在感官动词或动词短语seewatchobservelookathearlistentonotice等和使役动词have后面的宾语补足语常有三种形式,即不带to的不定式、现在分词或过去分词不带to的不定式表主动和完成;现在分词表主动和进行;过去分词表被动和完成[即时演练4]1用所给词的适当形式填空
①Wefoundhimwaitingwaittoreceiveus.
②Wekeptthefireburningbumallthetime.2完成句子
①她让我们在这儿等了一个小时Shekeptuswaitinghereforanhour.
②今日早上10点钟有人发觉他在洗车Hewasfoundwashingthecarattenthismorning..作状语现在分词作状语,其规律主语是句子的主语现在分词作状语,是对谓语动词表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬,也就是说现在分词表示的是比拟次要的动作,是对谓语动词表示的动作或状态的补充说明,但它们表示的动作或状态是与谓语动词动作同时发生或进行的现在分词作状语可以表示时间、缘由、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随状况等1作时间状语,可以转换为when/while引导的时间状语从句Leavingtheairport=Whentheylefttheairporttheywavedagainandagaintous.离开机场时,他们频频向我们挥手2作缘由状语,可以转换为because/since/as引导的缘由状语从句Beingleaguemembers=Sinceweareleaguememberswearereadytohelpothers.由于我们是团员,我们愿意关心别人3作结果状语,常表示自然而然的、预料之中的结果可以转换为sothat引导的结果状语从句Hefelloffthebikehitting=sothathithisheadagainstabigstone.他从自行车上摔了下来,头撞到了一块大石头上[名师点津]动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示出乎意料的结果,而现在分词作结果状语那么表示自然而然的结果Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.他们搬起石头却砸了自己的脚4作条件状语,可以转换为if引导的条件状语从句Usingyourhead=Ifyouuseyourheadyou11haveagoodidea.假如你动动脑筋,你就会想出好方法来的5作让步状语,可以转换为though/although等引导的让步状语从句Knowing=Though/Althoughtheyknewallthistheymademepayforthedamage.尽管他们了解了这一切,但还是要我赔偿损失6作伴随状语和方式状语,可以转换为与原句并列的一个分句Thegirlscameinfollowing=andfollowedtheirparents.那些女孩子跟在她们父母的后面进来了[即时演练5]用所给词的适当形式填空/句型转换
①HavingeateneatatthecafeteriabeforeTinadidn,twanttoeatthereagain.
②Climbingclimbtothetopofthetowerwesawamagnificentview.
③Livingliveinthecountrywehadfewsocialengagements.
④Alotofgoodlandhasgonewithrainwaterleavingleaveonlysand.©Workingveryhardhedidn,tfeelabittired.fThough/Althoughheworkedveryhardhedidn,tfeelabittired.
三、现在分词的特殊结构.连词+现在分词whenwhileifthoughasuntiloncewhetherunlesswhere等连词后可接现在分词作状语,相当于这些连词引导的状语从句,这时现在分词的规律主语是句子的主语While=Whilehewaslisteningtothedebatehemadenotes.听辩论时,他做了笔记Ifwalking=Ifyouwalkthedogyoushouldbecarefulanddon,tletitgetloose.假如你遛狗,留神别松了手.not+现在分词现在分词的否认形式是在其前加noteNotknowingwhattodonextshestoppedtothink.不知道下一步做什么,她停下来思索Nothavingfinishedthehomeworkthelittlegirlisnotallowedtoplayoutside.由于没完成作业,这个小女孩不被允许出去玩.现在分词的固定短语有些惯用的现在分词的固定短语,在句子中可以没有规律上的主语而存在,它们往往作为句子的成分来修饰全句,说明说话者的态度、观点等,我们称这种成分为评论性状语或评注性状语常见的有:Generallyspeakingthelearnedarerespectedbypeople.一般来说,有学问的人受人敬重Judgingfromhislookhedidn,tagreewithyouatall.从他的神情推断,他根本不同意你的看法[即时演练6]句型转换/完成句子©Thoughhewasillhestillcontinuedstudying.fThoughbeingillhestillcontinuedstudying.
②TobehonestIdidn,tdoitonpurpose.HonestlyspeakingIdidn,tdoitonpurpose.
③没完成这项任务,他们不得不在这儿再待上两周Nothavingpleted/flnishedthetasktheyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.I.单句语法填空Whilereadingreadthebookhenoddedfromtimetotime.HavingsufferedsufferfromhearttroubleforyearsProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.Lookinglookatmyclassmates,facesIreadthesameexcitementintheireyes.Thelawyerlistenedwithfullattentiontryingtrynottomissanypoint.Whenparingparedifferentculturesweoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.Whenwereturnedwefoundastrangerstandingstandinfrontofthehouse.TellMarythatthere,ssomeonewaitingwaitforheratthedoor.Themanstandingstandatthewindowisourteacher.WhenIwaslittlemymotherusedtositbymybedtelling(tell)mestoriestillIfellasleep.Theresultofthetestwasratherdisappointing(disappoint)..单句写作(用现在分词及其短语完成句子).看着这些面人,我们都很兴奋(2015•北京高考改编)Lookingatthefigurineswewereallveryexcited..在接下来的几周里,莎莉制定出10条班规并把它们贴在教室里的墙上(2015•广东高考改编)InthefollowingweeksSallyworkedout10classrulesandpostedthemonthewallsoftheclassroom..相比拟而言,我坚持认为关乎健康与文化的栏目的价值远赛过那些消遣栏目(2015・上海高考改编川2也日丫匕1丫speakingImaintainthatthevalueofthecolumnsconcerningabouthealthandculturefaroutweighsthatoftheentertainment..我们班有60名同学,包括35名男生和25名女生(2014•天5聿高考改编)Thereare60studentsinourclassincluding35boysand25girls..读了上面那么多来自母亲的常见埋怨后,我感到耻辱和愧疚(重庆高考改编)HavingreadabouttheabovemonplaintfromsomanymothersIfeelashamedandguilty.川.短文改错ItwascoldlastMondaymorning.WhileIwaswalkinginmywaytoschoolInoticedtwostreetcleanerssweepingthestreetinthewind.SeenthemworkingsohardonsuchacoldmorningIwasmovedandmademymindtodosomethingforthem.Idiscussedwithmyclassmateshowwecoulddo.Finalweallagreedtogetthemsomebread.Thenextdaywepreparesomebreadathome.Whenwehandedthecleanerthebreadandexpressedourappreciationfortheirhardworktheylookedalittlesurprisingatfirst.Andthenwetookthebreadandthankedushappily.Thoughitwascoldbutweallfeltwarmatthatmoment.答案其次句infon第三句SeeiLSeeing;made后力口up第四句how-what第五句FinalFinally第六句prepare^prepared第七句cleaner-^cleaners;surprising-^surprised第八句wethey第九句去掉but单元写作——英文海报海报是一种宣扬广告,属于应用文其内容是向广阔群众供应喜闻乐见的消息,如球讯、电影消息及演出动态等等海报常配以绘画以增加吸引力海报正中往往把有关内容作为大字标题,如FootballMatchFilmNews等字样以提示海报的内容英文海报是应用文中的重要体裁,使用场合特别广泛,它包括聘请广告、活动宣扬和人物介绍等
一、根本结构第一局部标题正文前一般有吸引人的大字标题其次局部正文正文局部要写清详细内容,活动时间、地点以及参与规定、主持或举办单位等第三局部署名和日期出海报的单位署名通常放在右下角,日期位于署名的下一行靠左下角
二、增分佳句TheEnglishFestivalofourschoolisingsoon.我校的英语节立刻到来Wearelookingforwardtoyouractiveparticipation.我们期望你们乐观参与.Pleaseeandcheerforthem.请来为他们加油Ihopeyouwontmissit.我盼望你不要错过Alltheclothesarelowinpricebuthighquality.全部衣服价廉物美Catchthechanceoryouwillregret.抓住时机,否那么你会懊悔的Afriendlybasketballmatchwillbeorganisedbythestudents,unionofourschool.我校同学会将组织一次友情篮球赛Besideswearegoingtohavelisteningwritingandreadingpetitionsthefollowingweek.除此以外,我们还将在下周进行听、写、读竞赛五步写作规范[题目要求]荒漠化问题在全世界日益严峻请依据下表要点以“Fightingagainstdesertification”设计问题全球荒漠化的面积占整个地球陆地面积的1/4;下个世纪,沙漠地区的面积将增加17%缘由人类的行为,如滥砍滥伐等;旱涝灾难、气候变暖等建议植树造林;呼吁人们提高环保意识……语态形式结构用法主动语态一般式doing表示一般性的动作,或表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生完成式havingdone表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,特殊强调动作已经完成被动语态一般式beingdone所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作完成式havingbeendone表示L个被动动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前现在分词作定语它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的规律主语,并且通常可转换成一个定语从句动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、用途等现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和特征不行与主语交换位置动名词作表语对主语内容的进一步说明和解释可与主语交换位置。