妙妖学校高一英语-语法精讲Ving-形式的用法

阿陈州阻附市妙妖学校高一英语第一册语法精讲:V-ing形式的用法⑴【本讲信息】

一、教学内容v-ing形式的用法

（1）

二、动名词和现在分词统称为v-ing形式；是非谓语动词的一种v-ing形式的各种时态和语态注否式在v-ing前加not

（一）回忆动名词是具有名词性质的v-ing形式;或者可以说是由动词变来的名词所以我们说动名词和其他的名词一样，在句子中可以作主语，宾语，表语，有时也可作语

（二）现在分词是具有形容词或副词特点的v-ing形式;所以说现在分词在句子中可作语，宾语补足语，表语和状语观察本单元及下单元课文中的一些句子，体会各v-ing形式的用法Ifwearefeelingdownorlonelythereisnothingbetterthantoseethesmilingfaceofagoodfriend.如果我们情绪低落或者感到孤独，那么没有比看到好友的笑脸让人感觉更好的事了（现在分词作语时，如果是一个单词，通常位于其修饰的名词之前，即前置语）InFranceapersonseeingthesamegesturewi11thinkitmeanszero.在法国，有人看到同样的姿势，会以为是零的意思（如果是一个短语，要位于其修饰的名词之后，即后置语）△讲解现在分词作语时，被修饰的名词与现在分词为主谓关系；通常表示正在进行的动作；有时也表示经常性的或持续性的动作如:里暗，漆里

八、、r.

八、、想象（力），空想，想象的事物设计家，制图师无止境的，无穷的一直沿……走朝着正确的方向把……与……相结合自由落体车乘探索过去进入，步入在宇宙空间许多，各种切掉，切断，突然中止娱乐thisroadandthenturnleft.

②WalkpasttheBigTowerFree-fallRideandtherollercoasterwillbeonyourleft.（复习”祈使句+and\or+陈述句〃）

①Soifyouwanttoknowwhatitfeelsliketofallthroughtheairtakeoffinarockerflyahelicopterorfightaliencreaturesinouterspacevisitoneofthethemeparksinyourarea.如果你想要体验空中跌落、坐升空、开直升飞机或在太空与外星人打仗，就去参观当地的主题公园吧

②Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.游客可以乘车参加刺激的兜风，感受他们在电影里看见的英雄所经历的感觉（长句分析）©Manypeoplecometothemeparkslookingforthrillsorieleotertainment.许多人来到主题公园寻求刺激和娱乐

②Themeparksalsotrytomakesurethatvisitorsleaveknowingmoreabouttheirtheme.主题公园还力图确保游客出园时对公园的主题有更深的了解（分词作状语）【模拟试题】（答题时间50分钟）I.单项填空:WhilewatchingtelevisionWeoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoysfootballsorbasketballslikethesethings.A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thoughtthatitwasgoingtosnowtheclimbersdecidedtoputofftheirattemptonthehighestpeak.A.HavingbeentoldB.HavingtoldC.ToldD.Telling“Wecantgooutinthisweather，zsaidBoboutofthewindow.A.lookingB.tolookC.lookedD.havinglookedWithtwochildrenmiddleschoolinthenearbytownnowtheparentsareworkinghard.A.toattendB.attendingC.attendedD.havingattendedSuddenlyatallmandrivingagoldencarriagethegirlandtookherawayintothewoods.A.seizingdisappearedB.seizeddisappearedC.seizingdisappearingD.seizeddisappearingTheflowerssweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt**II.完形填空InBritainpeoplehavedifferentattitudestothepolice.Mostpeoplegenerallylthemandthejobtheydo一althoughtherearecertainpeoplewhodonotbelievethatthepolice2havethepowertheydo.WhatdoesapolicemanactuallydoItisnot3jobtodescribe.Afterallapolicemanhasanumberofjobsin

4.Apolicemanoftenhastocontroltrafficeither5footinthecenterofatownorinapolicecarontheroads.IndeedinBritainhemightbeintheTrafficPoliceandspendalloralotofhistime6upanddownmainroadsandmotorways.Atrafficpolicemanhastohelpkeepthetrafficmovingstop_7—motoristsandhelpwhenthereisanaccident.Apolicemanhastohelpkeepthe8too.Ifthereisafightorsomeotherdisturbanceswe9thepolicetocomeandrestoreorder.AndtheyoftenhavetoWsituationatgreatrisktotheirownH—.Weexpectthepolicetosolvecrimesofcoursesoanordinarypoliceman12heisnotadetective（侦探），wi11oftenhavetohelp_13—andarrestcriminals.And_14_dowecallwhenthereisanemergencyaircrasha_15_aroadaccidentorarobbery.Wecallthepolice.—J_6_apolicemanhastobe_tofaceanyunpleasantemergencythatmayhappeninthe―^8―world.Thepolicedoanabsolutelynecessaryjobtheydoit19wellandIsupportthembutHL阅读理解:whentheyarearound.Youspendanhourwiththemandfeelasifyouveknownthemhalfyourlife.Thesepeoplehavesomethingincommon.Andonceweknowwhatitiswecantrytodoitourselves.HowisitdoneHereareseveralskillsthatgoodtalkershave.Ifyoufollowtheskillstheywillhelpyouputpeopleateaseandmakefriendswiththemquickly.Firstofallgoodtalkersaskquestions.Almostanyonenomatterhowshytheyarewillansweraquestion.Onewell-knownbusinessmansays“AtbusinesslunchesIalwaysaskpeoplewhattheydidthismorning.Itsacommonquestionbutitwillgetthingsgoing.〃Fromthereyoucanmoveontoothermatterssometimestoreallypersonalquestions.Andhowtheyanswerwillletyouknowhowfaryoucango.Secondoncegoodtalkershaveaskedquestionstheylistenfortheanswer.Thispointseemsclearbutitisnt.Yourquestionsshouldhaveapointandhelptotellwhatsortofpersonyouaretalkingto.Andtofindoutyoureallyhavetolistencarefullyandattentively（专心地）.Reallisteningmeanscertainthings.Firstitmeansnottochangethesubjectofconversation（对话）.Ifsomeonestickstoonetopicyoucantakeitasafactthathe11bereallyinterestedinit.Reallisteningalsomeansnotjustlisteningtowordsbuttotones（语调）ofvoice.Ifthevoicesoundsdullthenitstimeforyoutochangethesubject.Finallygoodtalkersknowwellhowtodealwiththeoccasion（场合）ofparting.IfyouresayinggoodbyeyoumaygivehimafirmhandshakeandsayTvereallyenjoyedmeetingyou.”Ifyouwanttoseethatpersonagaindontkeepitsecret.LetpeopleknowwhatyoufeelandtheymaywalkawayfeelingasiftheyJveknownyouhalftheirlives.You11liketostaywithcertainpeoplebecause.theyknowhowtogetalongwithothersyoucanoftengetmuchhelpfromthemtheyarealwaysgladtodoanythingforyoutheywi11nevergetyouintotroubleAskingquestionsmightbequiteagoodway.foryoutomakemoreandmorenewfriendstobeginyourbusinesstalkstogettheconversationgoingwellforyoutomakeadeepandlastingimpressiononothersAfterhavingaskedsomebodyaquestionit11bepoliteofyouto.makeclearwhatkindofpersonheislistentohisanswerattentivelywaitquietlyandpatientlyforhisanswertalkwithothersGenerallyspeakinggoodtalkersarepersonswho.aregoodatmakinganytopicinterestingnevertalktoomuchortoolittlealwaysspeakinagentlewayknowhowandwhentheyshouldchangethetopicofthetalkB**Modernzoosaredifferentfromthosebuiltfiftyyearsago.Atthattimezooswereplaceswherepeoplecouldgotoseeanimalsfrommanypartsoftheworld.Theanimalslivedincageswithironbars.Althoughthezookeeperstookgoodcareofthemmanyoftheanimalsdidnotfeelcomfortableandtheyoftenfellill.Inmodernzoospeoplecanseeanimalsinmorenaturalconditionstheanimalsaregivenmorefreedominlargerplacessothattheycanliveastheywouldinnature.Eventheappearanceofzooshaschanged.Treesandgrassgrowincagesandwaterflowsthroughtheplacestheanimalslivein.Therearefewbars;insteadthereisoftenadeepditch（沟），filledwithwaterwhichsurroundsaspacewhereseveralsortsofanimalslivetogetherastheywouldnaturally.InanAmericanzoothevisitorcanwalkthroughahugespecialcagethatisfilledwithtreessomesmallanimalsandmanybirdsandlargeenoughforthebirdstolivenaturally.InazooinNewYorkwiththeuseofspecialnightlightpeoplecanobservecertainanimalsthatareactiveonlyatnightwhenmostzoosareclosed.Somezooshavespecialplacesforvisitorstowatchanimalsthatliveinthedesertorunderwater.Modernzoosnotonlyshowanimalstovisitorsbutalsokeepandsaverareanimals.Forthisreasonfiftyyearsfromnowthegrandchildrenoftodaysvisitorswillstillbeabletoenjoywatchingtheseanimals.ItseemsthatissomethingmostimportantforanimalseatinggoodfoodlivingincageslivingwithotheranimalslivinginnaturalconditionsInmodernzoos.differentkindsofanimalsarekeptseparatelyanimalsarenolongertakengoodcareofanimalshavemorefreedomvisitorscanwalkwherevertheylikeInamodernzoofeelcomfortable.theanimalsnotthevisitorsthevisitorsnottheanimalsneithervisitorsnoranimalsbothvisitorsandanimalsInsomezoospeoplecan.walkthroughhugespecialcagestowatchallsortsofanimalsseeanimalswhichliveinspecialconditionsduringthedayobserveanimalsthatareactiveatnightwatchalltherareanimalsthatmaynotbeseeninthefutureThemainideaofthepassageisthat.zoosarenowplaceswhereanimalscanlivenaturallyzoosareplaceswherepeoplecanseeanimalsfromallovertheworldthereshouldbeoldandmodernzoosalikerareanimalsmaysoondieout【试题答案】I.单项填空C句意别坐在那儿无所事事，……；根据句子结构判断所填的动词为伴随状语，因此选doingC句意在比拟不同文化时，我们通常只注意其不同点，而忽略它们的许多相似之处首先考虑主句主语与分词之间的关系为逻辑上的主动关系，排除A、B两项；分析句意，compare并不在谓语动词payattentionto之前，排除D项B根据的信息Heisastudent•••所以用studying作伴随状语D“打被告知他母亲病危之后，他才从国外赶回来〃；即打的动作先于returned所以用现在分词的完成式，表示此动作先于句子谓语动作发生；再结合分词的用法作状语时，逻辑主语为句子的主语，所以用被动形式而如果用hear的话，用havingheardoC分词的否式，在分词前面加notA“她发现那个人躺在床上，死了〃现在分词作宾语补足语；lay表示“产卵，下蛋；摆放〃的意思C对于主语we来说，该是被领着参观了水立方，然后［then）又参观了鸟巢；所以选3用现在分词完成式的被动形式D注意分词作状语，逻辑主语为句子的主语，所以排除A、B两个选项；C项中rings的时态使用错误，所以选D ring作宾语补足语Dsentanemail发生在failtoreachthenr之后，即fail的动作在先，所以用现在分词的完成式A“we〃和think构成逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词作状语A对于主语theclimbers来说，该是被告知要下雪之后，才决推迟攀登山顶；即先“被告知〃，然后才“作出决〃所以选AAlooking…作伴随状语Bwith结构，现在分词作宾语补足语；句意目前有两个正在上的孩子要供养，所以父母工作得很辛苦注意句子中的信息词now表示目前正在上学；所以选B；A项表将来D第一个空白处缺少的是谓语动词，所以用过去式seized与后面的took并列作谓语，第二个空白处中填disappearing作伴随状语Bsmell在此是系动词，后面加形容词作表语；smellingsweet在此相当于语从句whichsmellsweet修饰前面的theflowers；表示“闻起来很香的花〃**

11.完形填空15CADBA

6、10BCADC1P15ADCDB1620DCBACHI.阅读理解A篇ACBDB篇DCDBAfasleepingboy一个正在睡觉的男孩ftherisingsun冉冉升起的太阳fThemanstandingatthedonrwillsingusasong.=Themanwhoisstandingatthedoon…站在门口的那个男人将为我们唱一首歌fLastweekwehadameetinglastingfourhours.…，wehadameetingwhichlastedfourhours.上周我们举行了一个长达4个小时的会议fThisisthepathleadingtithehill.ThisisthepathwhichInidstothehill.这就是通向小山的路注意下面的句子fThequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.正在讨论的那个问题非常重要*现在分词一般式的被动形式表示正在进行的被动动作；而完成式不能作语fTheteacherscoldedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.老师责备了那个打破窗户的学生〔用语从句来修饰前面的thestudentInJapansomeonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.在，有人看到对方做这个手势，会以为是金钱的意思现在分词作宾语补足语△讲解现在分词作宾补时，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系；且常强调动作正在进行常跟现在分词作宾补的词有1感官动词seewatchnoticeobservefindlookathearlistentofeelsmell；如fIfoundhimlyingonthegrass.我发现他躺在草地上fIheardherspeakingintheroom.我听到她在屋子里说话fIheardanEnglishsongbeingsungbyalittlegirlwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌（现在分词的一般被动式表示正在进行的被动动作）注意这些句子的被动语态fHewasfoundlyingonthegrass.fShewasheardspeakingintheroom.（主语补足语）⑵一些表示“使或让〃意义的动词如havegetleavekeep；如

①havesb.\sth.doing使\让某人、某物持续地做某事fThecruelbosshadtheworkersworkingdayandnightanddidntpaythemmuch.这个残忍的老板让工人们夜以继日地干活，并且给的工资很少此外，have以v-ing为宾语补足语时，还可以表示不愿意引起某种后果如fDontshout!You，11havetheneighborscomplaining.别大声嚷！你会招西邻抱怨的在否，其中have有“容忍，允许〃之意如fIwonthaveyouspeakingtoyourfatherlikethat.我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话—Thebosswon，thavethissortofthinghappening.老板不会允许这样的事情发生

②getsb.\sth.doing使某人\某物开始行动起来一Itsnothardtogetthechildrentalking;theproblemistostopthem.让孩子们开始谈话不难，让他们停下来倒是个问题fCanyoureallygettheoldcargoingagain你真的能发动那辆旧车吗？（使它动起来）

③leave（keep）sb.\sth.doing使某人某物｛一直）处于某种状态fItyswrongofyoutoleavethemachionrurmiog.你让机器一直开着是不对的fDontleavethwaterrunningwhileyoubrushyourteeth.你刷牙时不要让自来水一直流着fImsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.很抱歉让你了这么长的时间Thenewsisreallysurprising.这个消息真让人吃惊现在分词作表语△讲解分词作表语，通常看作形容词，补充说明主语的性质，特征；现在分词表示“令人……的〃，且主语多为物；过去分词表示“感到……的〃，表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人常见于一些表示心理状态的动词，如exciting令人冲动的一excited感到冲动的delighting令人快乐的一delighted感到快乐的disappointing令人失望的一disappointed感到失望的surprising令人惊异的一surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担忧的一worried感到担忧的encouraging令人鼓舞的一encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的一pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的一puzzled感到费解的confusing令人迷惑的一confused迷惑不解的satisfying令人满意的一satisfied感到满意的interesting让人感兴趣的一interested感兴趣的fTheresultisdisappointing.这个结果让人失望fIaminterestedinhissuccess.我对他的感兴趣补充作其他成分时，用法也一样；如fanexcitingvoice一种令人兴奋的声音anexcitedvoice-一种兴奋的声音一apuzzlingexpression一个令人困惑的表情apuzzledexpression一个困惑的表情fThegirlletoutafrightenedcryatthesightofthesnake.看到蛇，女孩尖叫起来Thegirlwasfrightened.fHisfrighteningshoutscaredtheboysaway.他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了Theshoutwasfrighteningandtheboysfeltfrightened.fHetriedhisbesttomakethestudentsinterestedinhisclass.他尽力让学生们对他的课感兴趣Manypeoplecometothemeparkslookingforthrillsandentertainment.许多人来到主题公园寻求刺激和娱乐现在分词作状语HavingenjoyedtheridesattheHeadlandvisitorscantakeashuttletothelowland.在岬角区玩过过山车之后，游客们可以坐缆车去往低地现在分词作状语△讲解作状语时，意义相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、让步、条件、结果或伴随表示附带状况，常位于句末另外需注意其一般式和完成式的区别；否形式的构成如1时间状语fWalkingalongthestreetonedayshesawalittlegirlrunninguptoher.=Whenshewalkedalong•••.shesaw…当她正沿着街道向前走时，她看见一个小女孩儿向她跑过来—Havingfinishedtheirhomeworkthestudentsplayedfootball.=Afterthestudentshadfinishedtheirhomeworktheyplayedfootball.学生们做完作业后，就去踢足球⑵原因状语:fNotknowingEnglishhecouldntunderstandthefilm.=BecausehedidnotknowEnglishhecouldnt…因为不懂英语，所以他看不懂这部电影fBeingsopoortheycouldntaffordtogotoschool.=Astheyweresopoortheycouldnt・•・因为如此贫穷，他们上不起学fNothavingtriedhisbesthefailedintheexam.二Becausehehadnottriedhisbesthefailedintheexam.由于没有尽力备考，他考试没能通过fHavingbeengivensuchagoodchancehewouldn，tgiveituptoothers.=Sincehewasgiven•••hewouldntgiveitup…人家给了他这样一个好时机，他不会让给别人的⑶条件状语fTurningtotheloftyouwillfindtheshop.二Ifyouturnto•••youwill・・向左拐，你就会找到那家商店fWorkinghardyouwilldowellintheexam.二Ifyouworkhardyouwill…你如果努力学习，就会考出好成绩4让步状语fNotbeingarichmanhimselfhehelpsthepoorgenerously.=Thoughheisnotarichmanhehelps…尽管他自己不算，他却慷慨地帮助穷人5结果状语fHisgrandfatherdiedleavinghimalotofmoney.=Ilisgrandfatherdiedandlefthimalotofmoney.他的爷爷过世了，给他留下很多钱fThechildfellstrikinghisheadagainstthidoorandcuttingit.=Thechildfellandstruckhisheadagainst…那个孩子跌倒了，头撞到门上，撞破了6伴随状语fIstoodtherewaitingforher.二Istoodthereandwaitedforher.我站在那里着她fSheranhomecryingalltheway.=Sheranhomeandcriedalltheway.她一路哭着跑回家补充当分词短语的语意不清时，往往把连词whenwhileifthough…保存；但表示原因的连词becauseas…要省略如:WhenmailingaletterinthepostofficeImetMary.去邮局寄信时，我遇到了玛丽fThoughbeingtiredtheywerestillinhighspirits.虽然累，但是他们情绪高昂注意v-ing形式作状语，无论是主动式还是被动式，其逻辑主语和主语该保持一致这是同学们常犯的语法错误；如一车的时候，一块小石头打中了我的头部错误Whilewaitingforabusasmallstonehitmeonthehead.正确WhilewaitingforabusIwashitontheheadbyasmallstone.正确WhileIwaswaitingforabusasmallstonehitmeonthehead.即学即用Havingbeenattackedbyterrorists.doctorscametotheirrescuethetallbuildingcollapsedanemergencymeasurewastakenwarningsweregiventotourists答案B【典型例题】.用所给词的正确形式填空Mr.Smithtireoftheborespeechstartedtoreadanovel.disappointattheresultsshedidntsayaword.Theinspirepeopleworkedharderthanever.Inoticedapuzzleexpressiononherface.Ihaveneverseenamoremovemovie.Dontreadonthemovebusoryoureyesightwillgetworse.ChildrensbeingaddictedtotheInternetgetstheirparentsworry.workwithhimyouwillcometolikehim.Peterreceivedaletterjustnowsayhisgrandmawouldcometoseehimsoon.tellmanytimesshestillcantrememberit.答案tiredboringDisappointedinspiredpuzzledmovingmovingworriedWorkingsayingHavingbeentold单项填空Alicereturnedfromthemanagersofficemethatthebosswantedtoseemeatonce.A.havingtoldB.tellsC.totellD.tellinginthequeueforhalfanhourTomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.TohavewaitedThemanageritcleartousthathedidntagreewithusleftthemeetingroom.A.whohasmadeB.havingmadeC.madeD.makinghowtoreadthenewwordsIoftenlookthemupinthedictionary.A.HavingnotknownB.NottoknowC.DontknowD.NotknowingAshisparentyoushouldnthaveyourchildsuchabook.A.readB.toreadC.readingD.bereadingtheprogrammetheyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.HavingnotcompletedProf.Browntheyenteredtheclassroom.A.FollowedB.FollowingC.TofollowD.Beingfollowedbytheearthquakethecityhadtoberebuilt.A.BeingbadlydamagedB.BeenbadlydamagedD.HavingbeenbadlydamagedHesbecausehehaswontheprize.Hisremarksleftmeabouthisrealpurpose.A.wonderedB.wonderC.towonderD.wonderingmanytimeshefinallyunderstoodit.Asmallplanecrashedintoahillsidefivemileseastofthecityallfourpeopleonboard.A.killedB.killingC.killsD.tokillTheyusecomputerstokeepthetrafficsmoothly.A.beingrunB.runC.torunD.runningMysisteraninexperiencedriderwasfoundsittingonthebicycletobalanceit.A.havingtiredB.tryingC.totryD.triedinthefieldsonaMarchafternoonhecouldfeelthewarmthofspring.A.TowalkB.WalkingC.WalkedD.HavingwalkedLookingdownfromthetopofthemountain.theviewofthecityiswonderfulwecouldseethewholecitythewholecitycouldbeseenthewholecitymaybeseenweweretakentoseethelibrary.WehadbeenshowntheclassroomsBeingshowntheclassroomsHavingbeenshowntheclassroomsHavingshowntheclassroomstheirhatsintotheairthefansofthewinningteamletoutloudshoutsofvictory.A.TothrowB.ThrownC.ThrowingD.Beingthrown—Canthoseatthebackoftheclassroomhearme-Noproblem.A.sittingB.satC.sitD.tosit语态一般式完成式主动语态doinghavingdone被动语态beingdonehavingbeendone

20.Travellingisbutweoftenfeelwhenwearebackfromtravels.A.interestingtiredB.interestedtiringC.interestingtiringD.interestedtired答案DCBDCCBDBDDBDBBBCCAA

（一）单词、短语预习••Unit22Aworldoffun预习导学

1.单词amusementn.消遣，娱乐（活动）souvenirn.物，品attractionn.吸引人的事物，吸引，吸引力collectionn.收集，搜集，聚集castlen.城堡minorityn.少数，少数thrilln.兴奋，冲动vt.vi.（使）冲动，〔使）胆战心惊educatevt.vi.培养，训练conservationn.（自然资源的）保护，管理，保存coastaladj.海岸的，沿海的dividevt.vi.分，划分，分开，隔开sectionn.区域shuttlen.往返，飞机butterflyn.蝴蝶injuryn.伤害，受伤处helicoptern.直升飞机carvevt.vi.雕刻achievementn.成就，功绩civilisationn.文明，preventvt.vi.防止，阻碍twistn.扭曲，盘旋vi.扭弯，缠绕donotenvypolicemenIdonotthinkthatIcould_20dothejobofapoliceman.

1.A.dislikeB.joinC.appreciateD.admire

2.A.shouldB.wouldC.couldD.must

3.A.afunnyB.apleasantC.aninterestingD.aneasy

4.A.itB.oneC.hisD.them

5.A.onB.byC.underD.with

6.A.walkingB.drivingC.wanderingD.searchingA.restingB.tiredC.speedingA.peaceB.silenceC.situationD.drunkenD.condition

9.A.waitforB.callC.thinkofD.expect

10.A.turntoB.avoidC.dealwithD.treat

11.A.safetyB.familiesC.futureD.friendsA.althoughB.asifC.howeverA.getridofB.questionC.lookforD.evenifD.sentence

14.A.howB.whereC.whatD.who

15.A.powerfailureB.fireC.thunderstormD.thief

16.A.YetB.ThenC.AsD.So

17.A.providedB.promisedCpreparedD.presented

18.A.futureB.modernC.realD.whole

19.A.extremelyB.speciallyC.surprisinglyD.particularly

20.A.hardlyB.foreverC.everD.never。