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阅读理解之推理判断题
一、析考情•题型突破
1、考情概述推理判断题在近几年高考阅读理解中的考查数量仅次于细节理解题,是历年高考英语阅读理解的核心考点和命题集中点,考查方向以推断细节隐含意义为主在阅读测试中属于深层次理解题,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上宋文章本身所提供的信息出发运用逻辑思维并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断其答案「骸不会在原文中直接呈现要把文章提供的信息进行分析、提炼和归纳之后才能得出推理判断题涉及的范围很广,主要包括推断细节隐含意义、推断文章出处或者读者对象;推断作者的写作意图;对文章内容进行预测;推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物的态度或评价专
2、命题特点推理判断题涉及的文章内容可能是一句话或几句话,也可能是一个或两三个段落,甚至是整篇文章,所以此类题目难度比较大,考生很容易失分其设问特点为考查暗含的信息文章中没有明说;一般在文章中可以明到旋赤詹总;设限内容含义深刻不像细节题那么直白
3、题型特点一推理判断题题千常历沟一般来说,推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语:knowaboutlearnfrominferimplysuggestconcludepurposeattitudeprobablymostlikely等二推理判断题壁逾选蹴至推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点正确选项一般具有以下特征:1“立足原文,只推一步“,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得2选项中一瞰不可以出现绝对概念如onlyneverallabsolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会亮一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇如oftenusuallysometimessomemaymightcancouldpossiblyprobably等三推理判断题干就选顼特征⑴曲解文意:即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解2张冠李戴:即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点3偷梁换柱:干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变4无中生有:这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干5鱼目混珠:鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义6扩缩范围:为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almostallnearlymorethannormallyusually等词语对文意加以限制”扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法
二、链高考•真题探究ARacewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunningresearchshowswhilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoeshoweverhaveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalkwhichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport*srulesrequirethataracewalkefskneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.ItsthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivityhoweversaysJaclynNorberganassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalemMass.Likerunningracewalkingisphysicallydemandingshesays.Accordingtomostcalculationsracewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout8O0caloriesperhourwhichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldbumwalkingalthoughfewerthanrunningwhichwouldprobablyburnabout
1.000ormorecaloriesperhour.HoweverracewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoesDr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearchrunnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstepwhileracewalkerswhodonotleavethegroundcreateonlyabout
1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresultshesayssomeoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunningsuchasrunnefskneeareuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesportsstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhipssopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infactanyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechniqueshesays.Ittakessomepractice.原题呈现WhatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunningA.ItsmorepopularattheOlympics.B.Itslesschallengingphysically.C.Itsmoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.Itslesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.WhichwordbestdescribestheauthorsattitudetoracewalkingA.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.【参考答案】DBBIn1812theyearCharlesDickenswasbomtherewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury-mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719-butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam-poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracyrateinEnglandwasunder50%.ManyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthorsoftenwithsomethinglikeByalady.Novelsforthemostpartwerelookeduponassillyimmoralorjustplainbad.In1870whenDickensdiedtheworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisherfamousandbelovedwhohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters-fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim-wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.TodayDickens*greatnessisunchallenged.Removinghimfromthepantheon(名人堂)ofEnglishliteraturewouldmakeaboutasmuchsenseastheLouvresellingofftheMonaLisa.HowdidDickensgettothetopForallthefeelingsreadersattachtostoriesliteratureisanumbersgameandthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianagefrom1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.ItspartlytruethatDickens*styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.Itspartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocialpoliticalandscientificprogress.Butit*salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.NoonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalentambitionenergyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproachesitispossibleandimportantforourownculture-tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.原题呈现DickensiscomparedwiththeMonaLisainthetexttostress.A.hisreputationinFranceB.hisinterestinmodernartC.hissuccessinpublicationD.hisimportanceinliteratureWhatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthetextA.Torememberagreatwriter.B.TointroduceanEnglishnovel.C.Toencouragestudiesonculture.D.TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.【参考答案】DA
三、考法帮•提升能力考法1推断隐含意义命题透视推断隐含意义是高考阅读理解中必考的考查方向,要求考生根据文章的某个或某些句子、段落或全文所提供的信息进行逻辑推理,推断出作者没有明说的内容、可能发生的事情或某事物的特征等,旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意思去理解作者的言外之意的能力常见设问形式
1.Whatcanweinferabout...
2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport
3.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabout...方法点拨
1.先跳读,找到相关信息点;
2.接着细读,理解相关信息点的字面意思
3.再分析推理,在理解字面意思的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,理解作者的言外之意,切勿拿文章中非关键的细节内容作为推理的依据;
4.最后结合选项,找到与文章信息点所表达意思相近的选项典例1[2018全国ID]…SowhatsthesolutionTheteamsdataonlywentupto2007buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunctionsuchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.WhatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevicesA.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.【参考答案】A考法2推断文章出处或读者对象命题透视文章出处推断题要求考生能够根据文章的特点推断文章的出处,该题型在高考阅读理解中较常考查读者对象推断题要求考生根据文章内容和措辞推断文章的读者对象是什么人,该类题目在高考试题中较少考查常见设问形式LWhereisthetextmostlikelyfrom
2.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken
3.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear
4.Whoisthepassageprobablyintendedfor方法点拨文章出处推断题和读者对象推断题都要求考生有一定的常识,对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解,这样在做题时才能根据文章特点选出答案「推销新产品一广告人物生平事迹一传记「看内容科普知识一科学报告/杂志介绍和评价书籍一书评推断文章出处I介绍旅游胜地一旅游杂志/旅行指南rclick及网址一网站I看关键词researchexperiment等一科学报告/学术论文Yfoodhealthnutrition一健康杂志/报纸健康版块I文章前有日期、地点或通讯社名称一新闻报道典例2[2019全国LC]Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommonthemarketisgrowingforbiometrictechnologies-likefingerprintscans-tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresentthesetechnologiesarestillexpensivethough.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevicethatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)with...WhereisthistextmostlikelyfromA.Adiary.B.Aguidebook.C.Anovel.D.Amagazine.【参考答案】D典例3LuxuryCostaRicaThisgrandadventurethroughCostaRicawilloffertheperfectcombinationofluxurytravelandthrillingencounterswiththenaturalworld.TravelerswillvisittheimpressiveArenalVolcanothemagicalMonteverdeCloudForestandthemysteriousManuelAntonioNationalPark.ThispassageisintendedforA.EnglishlearnersC.exchangestudentsD.seniorcitizens【参考答案】B考法3推断写作意图命题透视:写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的,在阅读理解中较常考查这类题目要求考生不仅要理解文章的大意还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力,因为作者一般不直接表明自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地向读者传达某种想法或观点常见设问形式:
1.Whatisthepurposeofthetext
2.Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus
3.Whatdoesthewriterofthestorywanttotellus
4.Whatistheauthor*spurposeinwritingthetext方法点拨推断作者的写作意图时,考生要综合考量文章的主旨和文体特点
1.通过文章主旨来推断作者的写作目的通常议论文和说明文的主旨在文章开头,用略读法找出文章的主旨,可以快速推断出作者的写作目的
2.通过文章的文体推断作者的写作意图一般情况下,作者写文章的目的可分为三类toentertainreaders.常见于故事类记叙文;topersuadereaders常见于广告类应用文或议论文;toinformreaders常见于文化类、社会类、科普类说明文典例4Ifyouareafruitgrower-orwouldliketobecomeone-takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhatsaround.ItscalledAppleDaybutinpracticeitsmorelikeAppleMonth.ThedayitselfisonOctober21butsinceithascaughtoneventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetoseeandoftentasteawidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarketsitcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistencesuchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesnttasteofanythingspecialitsstillworthatryasistheknobbly(多疙瘩的)CatsHeadwhichismoreofacuriositythananythingelse.Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinettebutyoullneedawarmshelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowitsoitsapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.Attheeventsyoucanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsuityourconditionsandbecausethesearefamilyaffairschildrenarewellcateredforwithapple-themedfunandgames.AppleDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruitincludingstatelygardensandcommercialorchards(果园).IfyouwanttohavearealorchardexperiencetryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdalenearFavershaminKent.WhatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthetextA.Toshowhowtogrowapples.B.Tointroduceanapplefestival.C.Tohelppeopleselectapples.D.Topromoteappleresearch.【参考答案】B考法4推断观点态度命题透视:观点态度推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人事物所持的观点或态度,它要求考生具备在正确理解文意的基础上,对观点或态度倾向进行分析、判断的能力,在高考阅读理解中较常考查常见设问形式
1.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthorsattitudeto/towards...
2.Whatistheauthorsattitudetowards...
3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...
4.Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...
5.Whatissbsattitudeto/towards...方法点拨
1.通过文章主旨推断作者的观点或态度作者的观点或态度一般与文章主旨相关联,考生应先通读全文,结合文章内容抓住文章的主旨,再结合作者提供的细节来判断作者的观点或态度
2.通过细节描述推断观点或态度观点或态度通常隐藏在对人物的语气、肢体动作、面部表情或性格倾向等的描述中,或者隐藏在作者对文中事物进行描述时所用的词汇或句子中因此,考生要通过分析文中的用词、语气或对细节的描述等来推断作者或文中人物的观点或态度
3.牢记试题中常出现的表达观点或态度的词语
(1)表示积极态度的词有favorable(赞同的),supportive(支持的),approving(赞同的),optimistic(乐观的),positive(积极的),pleasant(令人愉快的),humorous(幽默的),confident(自信的),impressive(给人印象深刻的),beneficial(有利的),hopeful(抱有希望的),reasonable(合理的)等
(2)表示反对、否定、批评等消极态度的词有skeptical(怀疑的),disapproving(不赞同的),critical批判的),negative(否定的),doubtful(怀疑的),disappointed(失望的),pessimistic(悲观的),opposed(反对的),uncaring(冷漠的),unwilling(不愿意的)等
(3)表示中立、客观以及其他态度的词有objective(客观的),factual(根据事实的),uninterested(不感兴趣的),indifferent(漠不关心的),cautious(谨慎的),neutral(中立的),impartial(不偏不倚的),conservative(保守的),⑹erant(宽容的,容忍的)等特别提醒解此类题目时应注意
1.要区分开作者的态度和作者阐述的他人的态度;
2.切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点或文中人物的观点;
3.要特别留意那些描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语典例5Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.TodaythedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elkdeerandcoyotepopulationsaredownwhilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfprojectA.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.【参考答案】B考法5预测文章内容命题透视对文章内容进行预测要求考生根据语篇猜测下文可能涉及的内容或对事件可能出现的结局进行预测,此类题目难度较大,在近些年的高考试题中较少考查常见设问形式
1.Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenwhen/if...
2.Attheendofthispassagewhatmightthewritercontinuetowrite
3.Whatwilltheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablybeabout
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph方法点拨考生做题时一般要通读全文,把握作者的写作思路、文章的篇章结构和末段含义,找准段落之间的联系或事情发展的趋势,从而作出科学合理的推测典例6Beesplayavitalroleintheworld.Unfortunatelybeesaredyingveryfast.Themainpurposeofkeepingbeesistomakehoney.Honeyshockinglyisntusedforhumanconsumption;itisessentialtotheinsects.Beesstorehoneyintheirhives(iW箱)inordertohaveenergyfortheirflightmusclesandforheatingthehivesinthewinter.Theycollectpollen(花粉)whichsuppliesproteinforyoungbeestogrow.Accordingtohoneycomtheproductionandqualityofcropsasaresultofpollinationbybeeshaveincreasedalot.Theseinsectsareresponsibleforover70kindsofthefruitsandvegetablesweeattodayincludingapplesgrapesbeansandbroccoli.SoiftheyaresovaluabletoagriculturewhydotheykeepdyingoffAkeyfactorseemstobepesticides.Beeswhoareexposedtopesticidessufferfromthedamagetotheirneurologicalfunctionsspecificallytotheirmemoryorbehavior.Andthat*swhythemajorityofworkerbeesdisappearandleavebehindaqueenbeeplentyoffoodandafewnursebeestocarefortheremainingimmaturebeesandthequeenbee.Thereareseveralothercausesofthedeclineofbeesincludingthedestructionofnaturalhabitatlikewoodlandsforestsandotherhabitatsforbees.Theclimatechangeisalsoafactorinthedeclineofthebees*population.Actuallythereareavarietyofmethodstohelpthebeespopulationgrow.Onewayistostartyourownorganicgardenbyplantingbee-friendlyplants.Pesticidesareusedinbothindustrialpracticesandeveninyourhomesoitisbesttofindorganicseeds.WhatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollowsAnotherwaytosavebees.Othertipsforchoosingseeds.Moremethodstoplantgreenorganicfruits.Causesofthedeclineofthebees*population.【参考答案】A
四、重归纳•牢记在心推理判断题除因题型不同,解题方法稍有不同外,其推理判断的原则是一致的,那就是依据原文,合理推断、适度推断,而不是妄加推断、过度推断无论何种类型推断题,其推断的出发点是一致的,均应该掌握以下技巧和防范以下错误[推断6技巧]技巧1理解通篇大意,把握写作意图做推理判断题时,考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解,从总体上把握文章的主题,善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子对文章的引申含义进行分析,整合与题目相关的信息,综合起来去把握写作意图,确定最佳结论技巧2关注特定措辞,推断作者态度作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词技巧3利用语境褒贬,进行逻辑推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图因此,考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子,掌握文章主旨大意,了解人物的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断技巧4抓住有效信息,逆向或正向推理逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反,它是由结论出发,去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义技巧5结合已知常识,进行逻辑推理阅读理解命题通常源于材料,略高于材料,但一般不会离开所给材料但有时,命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识,这样的命题就很难处理技巧6根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手一般来说,报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等;广告类文章因其格式特殊,容易辨认;产品说明类文章,如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式;药品有服用时间、次数、药量等;来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强谨防4失误解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,即立足已知推断未知,不能主观臆想,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点推理判断题难度大,主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性,极易转移考生视线,使他们掉入陷阱考生常出现的典型错误有张冠李戴命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来,粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套以偏概全考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体,把注意力过度集中在某一点,最终得出“以偏概全”的结论浮于表面每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的,或是向读者传递某个信息,或是娱乐读者,或是阐述某个观点这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来,作者并不发表自己的观点,因此主题往往比较含蓄但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质,把现象等同于作者的意图推己及人很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明,往往隐含其中考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断,用自己的观点代替作者的观点。