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中考英语语法知识
一、语法结构
一、原始结构主+谓+宾;主+系+表.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首在原始的简单句中,主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词表示例如Duringthe1990sAmericancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词).谓语(动词)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下a.简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成如Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.b.复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成如Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.
(2)由系动词加表语构成如Wearestudents.在英语中一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词(知道为什么吗),而且,我们平时学习的时态是针对谓语动词来说如果以do为例,dodidhavedonewilldohaddoneis/am/aredoingwas/weredoingwoulddOo在简单句中,谓语动词和主语是句子的核心,是不可以随意删掉的.宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面例如Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcoiningtoschoolontime.(代词)HowmanydictionariesdoyouhaveIhavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词).表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如bebecomegetlookgrowturnseem等)之后表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone(数词)
二、新增成分在简单句中,只要满足上面两种结构,就可以把一件简单的事说清楚,但随着英语的逐渐演变,又演变出两种新的成分,可以对句子进行修饰和补充,我们称之为定语和状语.定语修饰名词或代词的词为定语定语可由以下等成分表示(在汉语里,定语可以翻译成…的)Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词).状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语状语是一个相对抽象的概念,在简单句中状语一般由副词充当,修饰动词和形容词为主,除此之外,介词短语在简单句中也喜欢扮演状语的作用,这个语法点主要存在于我们的语法填空和短文改错中
三、非谓语动词短语随着英语的逐渐演变,在某些简单句中,相对应的句子成分不能用单词进行描述主(多喝水)+isgreatforyourhealth.Ilove宾(踢足球).Myhobbyis表(玩电脑游戏).Ihasboughtabook(王先生写的)等等我们发现,在上面的模型里,没有办法用一个单词进行描述,所以在演变的过程中,出来一个新的语法成分,叫做非谓语动词短语(tododoingdone注意done与did的区别)注.只力口不定式作宾语的动词planpromisehelppreparedeciderefusechoosewish/hopeexpectfail等.只力口动名词作宾语的动词admitavoidconsiderescapeimaginemindmisspracticesuggestadviseallow等.下面这些短语只能加doing作宾语leadtocontributetodevoteoneselftolookforwardtoowingtobecome/get/beusedtopayattentionto等等.既可以力口todo也可以加doing的动词,且意思很相近的动词continuebeginstart等.接todo和doing作宾语意义差别很大的动词meanforgettrygoon等Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)Theboyplayingfootball(动名词短语)ismybrotherThedogkilledbyacar(过去分词短语)isveryfierce.注意非谓语动词短语作定语时,要放在修饰词的后面,形容词做定语时,放在修饰词的前面
二、语法重难点
1、as…as…结构你和汤姆是一样好的孩子YoureaboyasgoodasTom.=YoureasgoodaboyasTom.、
(1)too…to与so…thatsb.can,t…的句型转换前者为简单句,主语只有一个,而后者为复合句,主语有两个,试比较Themanwastooangrytobeabletospeak.Themanwassoangrythathewasntabletospeak.
(2)too…to…与notenoughto句型的转换:Heistooyoungtogetmarried.=Heisnotoldenoughtogetmarried.Thebookistoodifficultformetoread.=Thebookisnoteasyenoughformetoread.
3、形容词原级表示比较级含义约翰不象迈克那么苯JohnisnotsostupidasMike.JohnislessstupidthanMike.JohnisclevererthanMike.
4、用比较级表示最高级约翰是班里最高的男生Johnistallerthananyotherboyintheclass.Johnisthetallestboyintheclass.themore…・・themore…•表示“越越”:Themorebooksyoureadthewideryourknowledgeis.Themorefoodyoueatthefatteryouare.
6、moreandmore…•表示”越来越”:Moreandmorestudentsrealizedtheimportanceofaforeignlanguage.Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger.whowhomwhosewhich的用法who指人,在定语从句中作主语例如Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语例如DoyouknowtheyoungmanwhomwemetatthegateMrLeewhomyouwanttoseehascome.whose指人,在定语从句中作定语例如Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语例如Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.Hereisthebookwhichtheteachermentionedyesterday.that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语例如Ivereadthenewspaperthatwhichcarriestheimportantnews.Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperovertherewhen指时间,在定语从句中作状语例如I11neverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.where指地点,在定语从句中作状语例如Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.注意下列问题.只能使用that不用which的情况1先行词是allfewlittlenothingeverythinganything等不定代词时例如:Allthathesaidistrue.2先行词被onlynoanyall等词修饰时例如Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.3先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词例如Hewasthesecondpersonthattoldmethesecret.4先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词ThisisthebestbookthatIhavereadthisyear.5先行词既包括人又包括物时例如Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered..只能用which不用that的情况1在非限制性定语从中例如Themeetingwasputoffwhichwasexactlywhatwewanted.2定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时例如Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.。