专题07 体裁微解—说明文-备考2023年高考英语历年阅读理解真题专题解析+仿真模拟 （解析版）（全国通用）

专题07体裁微解一说明文题型分析祝明文通常是通薪例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点解题策略说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物;另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力具体答题策略如下.抓首尾段首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题;尾段往往重申强调主题.梳理文章结构整体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述;现象+原因+后果/启示/措施;研究发现/调杳结果+研究调查过程.破解长难句结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句【感悟真题体验技法】（2022年全国甲卷）GoffinscockatoosakindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasiahavebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewildthebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperimentcockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshapeandthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumansbabiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofagebutitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan^allocentricflameofreference”.IntheexperimentGoffinscockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejobinmosteasesbyvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-crrorwasusedthecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffinscockatoosdoindeedpossessanalloccntricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspacesimilartotwo-year-oldbabies.【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章介绍了近些年来“育儿模式”的变化历程词义猜测题根据划线词后面的内容“applyingthebestparentingpractices（应用最好的养育方法）“可知，划线词与后文的applying构成并列结构，表示“利用技术故划线词与选项A为同义词意为“利用”故选A推理判断题根据第三段中“Amodemparentingstylethathasemergedishelicopterparentingwhereparentsaremuchtoofocusedontheirchildren.（一种现代的育儿方式是直升机式育儿”父母把太多的注意力放在孩子身上户以及“Theyhelpchildrenwithtaskstheyrecapableofdoingontheirownlikeselectingactivitiesandfriendsforthemorcallingtheirteachersabouthomeworkmailers.（他们帮助孩子们完成他们自己能够完成的任务，比如为他们选择活动和朋友，或者打电话给他们的老师讨论作业问题户可知，“直升机式育儿”的方式中，在孩子的活动中，父母参与的太多故选D细节理解题根据第四段中“Ontheotherhandparentsinthepasttendedtomonitorless.Childrenweregivenmorecontroloverhowtomanagetheirschoolworkandchoosetheirfriends.（另一方面，过去的父母往往监督较少孩子们在如何管理学业和选择朋友方面有了更多的控制权户可知，过去的父母对孩子监督较少，给予孩子更多的空间故选C主旨大意题根据第一段中“Parentingstyleshavechangedovertheyearsinresponsetotherapidchangesiniheworld.（多年来，随着世界的快速变化，育儿方式也发生了变化户以及通读全文可知，文章讲述的是近些年来的育儿模式发生的变化C选项概括文章主题故选Co（2023•辽宁•辽宁实验中学校考一模）About9milliontonsofplasticendupintheoceanannuallythatisabout17tonseveryminute.TheUnitedNations（UN）reportedthatifambitiousactionsarenottakenthentheoceanwillcontainmoreplasticthanfishby

2050.ThereforeYvanBourgnondecidedtodosomething.HecreatedtheassociationTheSeaCleanersandsetupacenterdevotedtotheconstructionofapioneeringship:theManta.Usingaspecialdesignahybridpropulsion（混合推进）systemandapowersupplyfromrenewableenergysourcesthehigh-techshipwillnotonlycollectoceanwastebutprocessit.Readytobelaunchedin2024theMantawilloperateautonomously75%ofthetimewithouttheuseofcoaloroilanditwillhavetheabilitytoextractbetween5000and10000tonsoffloatingplasticeachyearaswellasmicroplasticsfrom10mmdeepto1meterdeep.Evenmoreimpressivelyitshybriddesignmeansthatthisshipcanoperateforupto24hoursadaysevendaysaweek.Theshipisequippedwithvarioussystemsincludingasetofwaste-collectingconveyorbeltstobringtheplasticfromtheoceanto（heshipthreefloatablesystemstopickupwasteon（hesurfacetwosmallermultipurposecollectionrubberboatsforpartsoftheoceanthatthelargershipcantaccessandtwocranes（吊车）topulllargerpiecesfrom（hewater.AccordingtothedesignersthefirsttaskoftheMantawilltakeplaceinSoutheastAsia.AfterthattheMantawilloperateinAfricaandSouthAmericabutwillalsoappearintemporarilypollutedareasfollowingclimaticornaturaldisasters.AfterthreeweeksatseatheMantawillbedirectedtowardscoastalportsinheareatogivelecturesandwelcomethepublicaboardforactivitiesoreventsregardingplasticpollution.Anareaof200mandaconferenceroomfor80peopleareonboardtoaccommodatetheseevents.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphserveasA.Awarning.B.Anexplanation.C.Anargument.D.Abackground.Whatdocstheunderlinedword“extract”meaninparagraph3A.Remove.B.Destroy.C.Restore.D.Deliver.WhyarcrubberboatsincludedintheManta1bconveyplastictotheship.Toreachnarrowareas.Topullplasticfromdeepwater.Topickupsurfacewaste.Whichaspectoftheshipistalkedaboutinthelastparagraph.Itspopularityamongthepublic..Itsroleasaneducationalplatform..Itsdiverseapplicationsinreallife.Itslong-termeffectsontheenvironment.【答案】

18.D

19.A

20.B

21.B【导语】本文是说明文文章主要介绍伊凡•布尔尼翁创建了“海洋清洁者”协会，并成立了一个中心，致力于建造一艘开拓性的船只曼塔号这艘高科技船舶采用特殊设计、混合动力推进系统和可再生能源供电，不仅可以收集海洋垃圾，还可以对其进行处理.推理判断题根据第一段“About9milliontonsofplasticendupintheoceanannuallythatisabout17tonseveryminute.TheUnitedNationsUNreportedthatifambitiousactionsarenottakenthentheoceanwillcontainmoreplasticthanfishby

2050.每年约有900万吨塑料最终进入海洋，即每分钟约17吨联合国报告称，如果不采取雄心勃勃的行动，到2050年，海洋中的塑料含量将超过鱼类”结合下文提到用Manta收集海洋中的塑料垃圾可知，这一段是给下文提供背景故选D.词句猜测题根据第三段“Readytohelaunchedin2024theMantawilloperateautonomously75%ofthetimewithouttheuseofcoaloroilanditwillhavetheabilitytoextractbetween5000and10000tonsoffloatingplasticeachyearaswellasmicroplasticsfrom10mmdeepto1meterdeep.“曼塔”号将于2024年发射，75%的时间将在不使用煤炭或石油的情况下自主运行，每年将能够extract5000至10000吨漂浮塑料以及10亳米深至1米深的微塑料可知，这里是指“曼塔号的功能，它应该是可以移除那些塑料垃圾，所以extract的意思应该是“移除”，和选项A意思一致故选A.细节理解题根据第四段“twosmallermultipurposecollectionrubberboatsfbrpartsoftheoceanthatthelargershipcantaccess两艘较小的多用途收集橡皮艇，用于大型船舶无法进入的海洋部分”可知，加上两艘较小的多用途收集橡皮艇是用于大型船舶无法进入的狭窄的海洋部分故选B.推理判断题根据最后•段“AfterthreeweeksatseatheMantawillbedirectedtowardscoastalportsinheareatogivelecturesandwelcomehepublicaboardfbractivitiesoreventsregardingplasticpollution.Anareaof200mandaconferenceroomfbr80peopleareonboardtoaccommodatetheseevents.在海上航行三周后，“曼塔”号将被引导到该地区的沿海港口进行讲座，并欢迎公众上船参加有关塑料污染的活动船上有200米的区域和可容纳80人的会议室，以容纳这些活动”可知，这一段谈到了船舶作为教育平台的作用故选B2023・山东•潍坊一中校联考模拟预测OnceheredwolfshistoricrangestretchedfromLongIslandtoMissourianddowntotheTexas-Mexicoborder.Butby1972theirpopulationwasreducedtoasmallareaalongtheGulfcoastduetohabitatlossandhunting.Toconservethespecies14individualswerecaughtaspartofareproducingprogram.In1980theirwildrelativesweredeclaredextinct—thecaughtwolveswereallthatwasleftandthuslotsofgeneticvariationwaslost.Youcanthelpitwhenyouhavesofewfounders.KristinBrzeskiisanassistantprofessoratMichiganTechnologicalUniversitywhoseresearchfocusesontheconservationofgeneticsofwildanimalpopulations.Hethoughtthisworkhadbeenanunderdogscientificallyandforconservationfbrallwolvesdecreasedinamountdramaticallyespeciallytheredwolves.NowBrzeskiandherco-workershavefoundasurprisingnewpoolofredwolfgenesthatmighthelpbringmorediversitytotheinypopulation:theyfoundthedisappearinggenesofredwolvesinwildcoyotepopulations.ButwhydidthishappenRemember:whenapopulationisdyingoutitmightfindtheclosestrelatedspeciesastheirownbestmatesoaredwolfandacoyotecanhaveoffspring.Asaresultpeoplecanrediscoverheirgenesintheircoyotehybridoffspring.Asredwolvesarereleasedbackintohewildreproducingwiththesecoyotescouldhelpthecriticallyendangeredspeciesregainsomeofitsgeneticdiversity.Thiswouldbekindoftheoppositedirection:taketheexistingsmallpopulationthatstillhasredwolfgenesthataresocriticalandputthemintoawildlandscapewithnewgeneticvariationthattheyhaventseenfbr5yearsormore.Andallofasuddenhopefullythisislikeasupermixofgenetichealthandsortofareboundthattheseanimalscanbewildandbethemselvesagain.Thenextstepwillincludehowtoreleaseredwolvesinawaythattakesadvantageofhegenesredwolveshidingincoyotepopulations.Thereshouldbeaphilosophyinourmindthatwecreatedthisproblemsoweshouldberesponsibleforfixingit.WhywasmuchgeneticvariationoftheredwolveslostA.Theirhabitatloss.B.Theirlimitednumber.C.Theirrelativesextinction.D.Theirpooradaptability.Whatdocstheunderlinedword“underdog”inPara.3meanA.Failure.B.Success.C.Breakthrough.D.Dilemma.WhatisBrzeskisattitudetoreleasingredwolvesintothewildA.Disappointed.B.Favorable.C.Pessimistic.D.Cautious.WhatisthebesttitleofthepassageA.ApromisingwaytosaveredwolvesB.Redwolves—anendangeredspeciesC.Wildcoyotes—redwolvesperfectmatchD.Anunknownfuturetoprotectredwolves【答案】

22.B

23.A

24.B

25.A【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要说明了红狼的数量减少，导致基因变异消失对此人们采取将有限的红狼放归野外，让它们与郊狼繁殖，留下红狼的基因以此来保护这•物种

22.细节理解题根据第二段中“In1980theirwildrelativesweredeclaredextinct—thecaughtwolveswereallthatwasleftandthuslotsofgeneticvariationwaslost.（1980年，它们的野生近亲被宣布灭绝一只剩下被捕获的狼，因此许多基因变异消失了）“可知，红狼的很多基因变异消失是因为数量有限故选B.词句猜测题根据画线词后文“forallwolvesdecreasedinamountdramaticallyespeciallytheredwolves”可知，因为所有狼的数量都急剧减少，特别是红狼，所以他们认为这项工作在科学和保护方面是失败故画线词意思是“失败故选A.推理判断题根据倒数第三段“Asredwolvesarereleasedbackintothewildreproducingwiththesecoyotescouldhelpthecriticallyendangeredspeciesregainsomeofitsgeneticdiversily.（随着红狼被放归野外，与这些土狼繁殖可以帮助这种极度濒危的物种恢复一些基因多样性）”可推知，Brzeski对将红狼放归野外是支持态度故选B.主旨大意题根据第二段“Toconservethespecies14individualswerecaughtaspartofareproducingprogram.In1980theirwildrelativesweredeclaredextinct—thecaughtwolveswereallthatwasleftandthuslotsofgeneticvariationwaslost.Youcanthelpitwhenyouhavesofewfounders.（为了保护这个物种，作为繁殖计划的一部分，14只个体被捕获1980年，它们的野生近亲被宣布灭绝——只剩下被捕获的狼，因此许多基因变异消失了创始狼这么少，你也没办法）“和倒数第三段“Remember:whenapopulationisdyingoutitmightfindtheclosestrelatedspeciesastheirownbestmatesoaredwolfandacoyotecanhaveoffspring.Asaresultpeoplecanrediscovertheirgenesintheircoyotehybridoffspring.Asredwolvesarereleasedbackintothewildreproducingwiththesecoyotescouldhelpthecriticallyendangeredspeciesregainsomeofitsgeneticdiversity.（记住当一个种群灭绝时，它可能会找到亲缘关系最近的物种作为自己的最佳配偶，这样红狼和郊狼就可以有后代了因此，人们可以在他们的郊狼杂交后代身上重新发现他们的基因随着红狼被放归野外，与这些郊狼一起繁殖可能有助于这种极度濒危的物种重新获得一些基因多样性）”结合文章主要说明了红狼的数量减少，导致基因变异消失对此人们采取将有限的红狼放归野外，让它们与郊狼繁殖，留下红狼的基因以此来保护这一物种可知，A选项“一个拯救红狼的有希望的方法“最符合文章标题故选AThenextstepaccordingtotheresearchersistotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues（线索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.HowdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperimentA.Byfollowinginstructions.C.Byturningtheboxaround.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext体裁说明文主题人与自然——自然生态——生物与人的智力对比【语篇导读】通过实验发现，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏风头鹦鹉的形状识别能力相当于两岁的人类幼儿.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewildthebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具）”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.（研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来）”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的故选B..【答案】C【解析】细节理解题根据文章第二段“Inhumansbabiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage（在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里）”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里的任务故选C.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题通过文章最后一段“Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchersistotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualcluesoralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.（根据研究人员的说法，卜一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状）”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉故选D..【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题通读全文，再结合文章第一段“CoffirfscockatoosakindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasiahavebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.（科芬的风头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似）“可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulSh叩e-Sorters（凤头鹦鹉识别形状的熟练工）”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题故选D仿真模拟练（2023•辽宁丹东•统考一模）Foodpackagingisfillinguplandfillsandpollutingouroceanswherematerialslikeplasticcantakecenturiestobreakdown.Butonecompanymighthaveatastysolutionlocutdownouruseofplasticdishware.GeorginadeKockanartistandentrepreneurlaunchedMunchBowlsthathascreatedabiodegradablebowlmadefromwheatwhichyoucaneataspartofyourmeal.Thebowlscanholdhotsoupforuptofivehours.Theygetridofthewastegeneratedfromdisposablecontainersortheproductsandtimeneededtocleanreusableones.Alargebowlwholesalesforaround33cents.AlthoughthisismoreexpensivethantraditionalplasticpackagingdeKockargues（hebowlshavenutritionalvalueandcanbeintegratedintoahealthydiet.Theyarcmadewithallnaturalingredientsincludingrooibosextractaplantthatishighinantioxidants（抗氧化物）.Customerscanpurchaseplainflavorbowlsformainmealsandsweetflavorbowlsfordesserts.DeKocksaysthatshehasrecentlytakenonabusinesspartnertohelpherbranchout.Bytheendofnextyearthestartuphopestoestablishsixproductionlinesandtomakeotherproductssuchasspoonscofleecupsandcontainersformealsonflights.4iTheediblebowlisanalternativetoplasticandpaperproductsthatendupinlandfills.Itpreventstheharmofplasticproductspavingthewayfbritscommercialsuccess“SiegfriedFinkanecologistsays.WhatcanweknowaboutthebiodegradablebowlproducedbyMunchBowlsA.Ithasdifferenttastes.B.1（takesfivehourstodegrade.C.Itischeaperthantraditionalbowls.D.Itprovidesdailyvalueforantioxidants.WhichofthefollowingisdeKockspresentgoalA.Toprovidemealsonflights.B.Toimproveproductsquality.C.Tofindmorebusinesspartners.D.Todiversifyintonewproducts.WhatdocsFinkthinkofthebusinessprospectsfortheediblebowlA.Unprofitable.B.Promising.C.Indecisive.D.Challenging.WhichcanbethebesttitleforthetextB.ProtectouroceansD.Getridofthedishware【答案】

1.A

2.D

3.B

4.A【导语】这是一篇说明文文章介绍了艺术家兼企业家乔治娜・德•科克推出了MunchBowls这是一种小麦制成的可生物降解的碗，可以作为胭食的一部分食用.细节理解题根据第三段最后一句Customerscanpurchaseplainflavorbowlsfbrmainmealsandsweetflavorbowlsfordesserts.（顾客可以购买正餐的原味碗和甜点的甜味碗）”可知，MunchBowls生产的生物降解碗有不同的味道故选A.细节理解题根据最后一段第二句Bytheendofnextyearthestartuphopestoestablishsixproductionlinesandtomakeotherproductssuchasspoonscoffeecupsandcontainersformealsonflights.（到明年年底，这家初创公司希望建立六条生产线，并生产其他产品，如飞机餐匙、咖啡杯和容器）”可知，德♦科克目前的目标是开拓新产品故选D.推理判断题根据最后一段最后一句”Theediblebowlisanalternativetoplasticandpaperproducts（hatendupinlandfills.Itprevents（heharmofplasticproductspavingthewayforitscommercialsuccessMSiegfriedFinkanecologistsays.（这种可食用的碗是塑料和纸制品的替代品，这些塑料和纸制品最终被扔进了垃圾填埋场它防止了塑料制品的危害，为其商、也成功铺平了道路“生态学家齐格弗里德•芬克说）“可推知，芬克认为这种可食用碗的商业前景非常好故选B.主旨大意题根据第-一段最后一句Butonecompanymighthaveatastysolutiontocutdownouruseofplasticdishware.（但是一家公司可能有一个美味的解决方案来减少塑料餐具的使用）”和第二段第一句GeorginadeKockanartistandentrepreneurlaunchedMunchBowlsthathascreatedabiodegradablebowlmadefromwheatwhichyoucaneataspartofyourmeal.（艺术家兼企业家乔治娜・德・科克推出了MunchBowls这是一种小麦制成的可生物降解的碗，你可以把它作为膳食的一部分食用）“可知，文章主要是介绍了一种可食用的碗故选A（2023•安徽宿州•校联考一模）LatinAmericasfirstrenewablefucl-powcrcdgarbage-trappingwheeliscleaningoneofPanamasdirtiestrivers.Itispoweredbywaterandsolarenergy.ItpullswasteoutoftheJuanDiazRiver.MostofthewastecomesfromthecapitalareaofPanamaCitywhereabout2millionpeoplelive.Thousandsofkilogramsofgarbageflowdowntheriverintotheoceaneachyear.AstheleaderoftheprojectRobertGetmansaid“Cleaningbeachesisgoodbutitismoreeffectiveandcheapertotrapgarbageinriversbecausewhenitreachestheoceantheenvironmentalandeconomiccostbecomestoohigh.^^TheJuanDiazRiverisoneofthemostpollutedinPanama.Wastesystemsintheareaarepoorandlanddevelopmentisnotwellsupenised（监督）.TheriveralsopassesthroughPanamaCityoneofCentralAmericaslargestcities.Stillthewaterwayanditsmangrovetreesarehometowildlifeliketurtlesandbirds.AccordingtothissituationtheenvironmentalgroupMareaVerdelaunchedthewheelinlateSeptemberwhichisnamedWandaDiaz.BythemiddleofOctoberithadgathered

28.6cubicmetersofplasticbottlesfromthewater.OverfiveyearsMareaVerdeprojectshaveslowedthespreadofwastealongtheJuanDiazRiverandotherPanamasrivers.Severalyearsagothegrouplaunchedits“BarrierorTrashtechnologyafloatingdevice.Itcapturedmorethan100metrictonsofwasteintheMatiasHernandezRiverwithintwoyears.TheBaltimoreBay“Trashwheel”intheUnitedStatesisthemodelforMareaVerdesmachineWandaDiaz.HoweverWandaDiazismoreadvancedandsuperiorintermsoftechnologyanditevenhascameraswithartificialintelligenceAIthatcanrecognizeandsortdifferentplastics.“WcwanteachofustoraiseawarenessthatwecanpreventthedeathoftheJuanDiazRiver“saidMareaVerdesleaderSandyWatemberg.Sheexpressedherhopethatthewheelwouldalsohelpmanymoreotherrivers.Butshealsopointedoutthatthosewhoaccustomedthemselvestosingle-useplasticsneededtorethinktheirbehavior.Whichwordsbestdescribethegarbage-trappingwheelGreenandpractical.Effectivebutcostly.Powerfulbutenergy-wasting.Renewableandsimple.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinparagraph3GreatdamagetoPanamaCity.TheimportanceoftheJuanDiazRiver.Measurestakentobattlewildlifekilling.ThebackgroundinformationofMareaVerdeprojects.WhatcanwelearnaboutWandaDiazIthasAltobreakdownplastics.Itisthemodelfbr“Trashwheel.IthasAIcamerasoremoveplastics.D.Itisanupdatedversionof“Trashwheel”.WhatmessagedocsSandyWatembergseemtoconveyPeopleshouldnotuseplasticsanymore.Thedeathoftheriverisunpreventable.Humanslivinghabitsmatterinriverprotection.Riverprotectionhasreceivedtheattentionofall.【答案】

5.A

6.D

7.D

8.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文巴拿马使用一种新型且环保的垃圾捕获轮WandaDiaz来帮助解决河道垃圾污染问题.推理判断题根据文章第一段“Itispoweredbywaterandsolarenergy.（它由水和太阳能提供动力）”以及第二段“Cleaningbeachesisgoodbutitismoreeffectiveandcheapertotrapgarbageinriversbecausewhenitreachestheoceantheenvironmentalandeconomiccostbecomestohigh（清洁海滩很好，但将垃圾困在河流中更有效、更便宜，因为当垃圾流入海洋时，环境和经济成本会变得太高）”可知，垃圾捕获轮是环保且实用的故选A.主旨大意题根据文章第三段“TheJuanDiazRiverisoneofthemostpollutedinPanama.Wastesystemsintheareaarepoorandlanddevelopmentisnotwellsupervised（胡安迪亚兹河是巴拿马污染最严重的河流之一该地区的废物处理系统很差，土地开发也没有得到很好的监督）”可知，本段主要介绍了这个项目的实施背景故选D.推理判断题根据文章第四段“HoweverWandaDiazismoreadvancedandsuperiorintermsoftechnologyanditevenhascameraswithartificialintelligence（AI）thatcanrecognizeandsoildifferentplaslics.（但WandaDiaz在技术上更加先进和优越，它甚至有人匚智能摄像头，可以识别和分类不同的塑料）”可推知，WandaDiaz是“Trashwheel”的升级版故选D.细节理解题根据文章最后一段“Butshealsopointedoutthatthosewhoaccustomed（hemselvestosingle-useplasticsneededtorethinktheirbehavior.（但她也指出，那些习惯使用一次性塑料制品的人需要重新思考自己的行为）“可知，SandyWatemberg认为保护河流的关键在于改变人们使用一次性塑料制品的生活习惯故选C（2023•天津•校联考一模）DoyouplayvideogamesIfsoyouarentalone.Videogamesarebecomingmorecommonandareincreasinglyenjoyedbyaduhs.Theaverageageofgamershasbeenincreasingandwasestimatedtobe35in

2016.Changingtechnologyalsomeansthatmorepeopleareexposedtovideogames.Anewbreedofcasualgamershascomewhoplayonsmartphonesandtabletsatsparemomentsthroughouttheday.ButdotheyhaveanyeffectonourbrainsandbehaviorOvertheyearsthemediahavemadevariousclaimsaboutvideogamesandtheireffectonourhealthandhappiness.4iGameshavesometimesbeenpraisedordemonizedoftenwithoutrealdatabackingupthoseclaims.Moreovergamingisapopularactivitysoeveryoneseemstohavestrongopinionsonthetopic，saysMarcPalauswhowithhiscolleagueswantedtoseeifanytrendshadappearedfromtheresearchtodateconcerninghowvideogamesaffectthestructureandactivityofourbrains.Theycollectedtheresultsfrom116scientificstudies22ofwhichlookedatstructuralchangesinthebrainand100ofwhichlookedatchangesinbrainfunctionalityandbehavior.Thestudiesshowthatplayingvideogamescanchangehowourbrainsperform;andeventheirstructure.Forexampleplayingvideogamesaffectsourattentionandsomestudiesfoundthatgamersshowimprovementsinseveraltypesofattentionsuchassustainedattentionorselectiveattention.Videogamescanalsobeaddictiveandthiskindofaddictioniscalled“Internetgamingdisorder”.Researchershavefoundfunctionalandstructuralchangesintheneural（神经的）rewardsystemingamingaddicts.Theseneuralchangesarebasicallythesameasthoseseeninotheraddictivedisorders.Sowhatdoallthesebrainchangesmean”Wefbeusedonhowthebrainreactstovideogameexposurebuttheseeffectsdonotalwaystranslateloreal-lifechanges“saysPalaus.Asvideogamesarestillquitenewtheresearchintotheireffectsisstillinitsbabyhood.WhatfactorcausesanewbreedofcasualgamerstoappearVideogamesbecomemoreandmoreattractive.Thepressurefromworkbecomesbiggerandbigger.Modemadultsareusuallyverycuriousaboutnewthings.Thedevelopmentoftechnologymakesgameseasilyaccessible.WhatdocsPalausresearchfbcusonWhyvideogamesaffectbrains.Howvideogamesfunctionindailylife.Whateffectsvideogameshaveongamersbrains.Whichbrainregionsareaffectedbyvideogames.BywhatwaydoesPalauscarryouthisresearchA.Byexperiencingvideogames.B.Byinterviewingvideogamers.C.Bydoingscientificexperiments.D.Byanalyzingnewscientificstudies.AccordingtotheresearchwhydosomegamersgetaddictedtovideogamesBecausetheirphysicalhealthisdamaged.Becausetheirmemorysystemsarcdisturbed.Because（heirneuralrewardsystemsarechanged.Becausetheircommunicativeabilityisweakened.Thelastparagraphindicatesthat.videogamesbringharminsteadofbenefitstheinfluenceofvideogamesneedsafurtherstudythereshouldbecertainlawstoregulatevideogamestheaverageageofvideogamershasbeenincreasing【答案】

9.D

10.C

11.D

12.C

13.B【导语】这是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了一项电子游戏对游戏玩家大脑的影响的研究，研究表明，一些游戏玩家会对电子游戏上瘾的原因是他们的神经奖励系统发生了改变.细节理解题根据第一段中Changingtechnologyalsomeansthatmorepeopleareexposedtovideogames.Anewbreedofcasualgamershascomewhoplayonsmartphonesandtabletsatsparemomentsthroughouttheday.（不断变化的技术也意味着更多的人接触电子游戏新一代的休闲游戏玩家已经出现，他们在空闲时间玩智能手机和平板电脑）“可知，科技的发展使得游戏更容易获得，这导致了新一代休闲游戏玩家的出现，故选D.细节理解题根据第二段中“Moreovergamingisapopularactivitysoeveryoneseemstohavestrongopinionsonthetopic”saysMarcPalauswhowithhiscolleagueswantedtoseeifanytrendshadappearedfromtheresearchtodateconcerninghowvideogamesaffectthestructureandactivityofourbrains.（“此外，游戏是一种受欢迎的活动，所以似乎每个人都对这个话题有着强烈的看法MarcPalaus和他的同事们想看看迄今为止关于电了•游戏如何影响我们大脑结构和活动的研究中是否出现了任何趋势户可知，Palaus的研究重点是电子游戏对游戏玩家大脑的影响故选C.细节理解题根据第二段中“Theycollectedtheresultsfrom116scientificstudies22ofwhichlookedatstructuralchangesinthebrainand100ofwhichlookedatchangesinbrainfunctionalityandbehavior.（他们收集了116项科学研究的结果，其中22项研究/大脑的结构变化，100项研究了大脑功能和行为的变化）“可知，Palaus是通过分析新的科学研究来进行他的研究的，故选D.细节理解题根据倒数第二段中“Researchershavefoundfiinctionalandstructuralchangesintheneural（神经的）rewardsystemingamingaddicts.（研究人员发现游戏成瘾者的神经奖励系统在功能和结构上都发生了变化）“可知，根据研究可知，一些游戏玩家会对电子游戏上瘾的原因是他们的神经奖励系统发生了改变故选C.推理判断题根据最后一段中“Asvideogamesarcstillquitenewtheresearchintotheireffectsisstillinitsbabyhood.（由于电子游戏仍然相当新，对其效果的研究仍然处于婴儿期户可推知，电子游戏的影响需要进一步的研究，故选B（2023•山东烟台•统考一模）Parentingstyleshavechangedovertheyearsinresponsetotherapidchangesintheworld.Whetheritistappingtechnologyorapplyingthebestparentingpracticestomeetaparentingneedparentsnowadaysgenerallyinvestmoretimeinfindingouthowbesttoraisetheirchildren.Modernparentsoftenlooktotheinternetandsocialmediaforparentingadvice.Theavailabilityofresourceshashelpedmodernparentsengagemoreintheirchildrensdevelopmentbothacademicallyandemotionally.Modemparentsarealsomoreeagertofindouteffectiveparentingmethodstohelpthemraisedisciplinedandconfidentchildren.Amodemparentingstylethathasemergedishelicopterparentingwhereparentsaremuchtoofocusedon（heirchildren.Theyhelpchildrenwithtaskstheyrecapableofdoingontheirownlikeselectingactivitiesandfriendsforthemorcallingtheirteachersabouthomeworkmatters.Suchaparentingstylecanholdbackthedevelopmentofthechildrensabilitytohandleresponsibilitiesindependently.Childrenmightbeill-equippedwithlifeskillssuchasdoinglaundry先衣）clearingtheirplatesorcopingwiththeirschoolwork.Alwaysprotectingchildrenfromfailuresmayalsopreventthemdevelopingadaptabilityandacquiringskillslikeproblem-solving.Ontheotherhandparentsinthepasttendedtomonitorless.Childrenweregivenmorecontroloverhowtomanagetheirschoolworkandchoosetheirfriends.Domestichelperswerealsonotthenormthenhencechildrenofthepastwereoftenexpectedtoshouldertheresponsibilitiesofcaringforyoungerbrothersandsistersandmanaginghousework.Livinginthepre-intemetageparentswerelessinformedaboutdifferentparentingmethodsandtheirparentingstyleswereguidedmorebytheirpersonalitiescommonsenseandfriendlyadvicefromtheextendedfamilyandneighborsratherthanbysocialmediainfluencesorparentingwebsites.Thereisnoonerightwaytoraiseachild.Eachchildisuniqueandshouldberaiseddifferendybyparentswhoarepresentbutnotwanderingwhoaresupportivebutnotcontrollingandwhoprotectbutnotcaretoomuch.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tapping”meaninparagraph1Employing.Tracking.Monitoring.Identifying.WhatisadistinctivecharacteristicofhelicopterparentingFlexible.Efficient.Conventional.Overinvolved.WhatdoweknowaboutparentsinthepastTheyeducatedkidsinarigidway.Theyoverestimatedtheirkidsindependence.Theyaffordedkidsmorespaceforself-growth.Theytendedtostayawayfromsocialactivities.WhatdoesthetextmainlytellusHowtoraiseall-roundchildren.Howtoenhanceparent-childbonds.Howparentinginodeshaveshiftedovertheyears.Howinfonnationtechnologyboostspeopleslifestyles.【答案】

14.A

15.D

16.C

17.C。