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第10节构词法牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅能够灵活运用到语法填空对于词性转换的考查当中,还有助于提高考生对阅读中的生词进行辨识的能力
一、派生法.名词见第1节;形容词和副词见第5节.构成动词的前缀和后缀.表示否定或相反意义的前缀、后缀及例词
40.FirstwhenyoucameintotheofficeroomIfoundthatthethirdbuttononyourshirthadbeenmissing.SecondtherearethreebookswithredcoversonthatdeskbutyoudidntaskmewhichoneIneededandyoutookone
41.ThirdIwasansweringthecall.Youshould42tothedesktosavetime.These43_showedyouarenotacarefulperson.ThereforeJohndidntgetthejob.Wecanlearnan44fromJohnsexperience.Somepeopledont45thedetailsinourlife.Butitisthedetailsthat
46.Notonlyshouldwevaluewhatwelearnbutalsoweshouldpaymoreattentiontothedetails.Sometimestheycaneven47oursuccessorfailure.Weshouldformthehabitofbeingcarefulandlearntokeepthe48ofquantityandquality.Weshouldkeepitinmindthat49comesfirstwithoutwhichquantityisofnosignificance.A.voteB.applyC.prepareD.wait答案B解析vote投票;apply申请;prepare准备;wait等候根据上句Hewishedtofindagoodjob/可知约翰在找工作,此处指一天他去一家公司申请工作applyforajob申请工作,故选BA.interviewedB.contactedC.askedD.questioned答案A角星析interview面试;contact交往;ask问;question询问根据Themanageraskedhimsomequestionsv可知约翰在参加面试,故选AoA.immediatelyB.slowlyC.fluentlyD.generally答案c解析immediately立即;slowly慢慢地;fluently流利地;generally通常根据上句的“everythingwentwell”一切顺利可知,约翰流利地回答面试问题,故选CA.gratefulB.excitedC.luckyD.confident答案D解析grateful感激的;excited兴奋的;lucky幸运的;confident自信的因为面试顺利,所以约翰对自己的表现非常满意,很自信能得到这个工作故选DA.lostB.calledC.answeredD.rang答案D解析lose失去;call打电话;answer回答;ring响铃此时经理的电话响了,下句Hepickedupthephonelistenedandnodded.”也给了提示,故选DA.arrangementB.responseC.insightD.information答案D解析arrangement安排;response响应;insight洞察力;information信息经理说想得到一些重要的信息故选DA.pictureB.coverC.characterD.mark答案B解析picture画;cover封面;character性格;mark标志此处指桌上红色封皮的书,故选BA.politelyB.eagerlyC.purposelyD.quickly答案A解析politely有礼貌地;eagerly渴望地;purposely故意地;quickly迅速地因为是面试,所以约翰非常有礼貌地把书递给经理,根据常识选AA.searchedforB.pickedupC.hungupD.heldon答案C解析searchfor寻找;pickup捡起;hangup挂断;holdon不挂断电话此处指经理拿着书挂断电话,与上文pickedupthephone呼应,故选CA.helplessB.surprisedC.disappointedD.worried答案B解析helpless无助的;surprised感到惊讶的;disappointed失望的;worried担心的约翰感觉面试顺利,肯定能被录用但经理说不录用他,所以他感到非常惊讶想知道原因根据情境选BA.methodsB.resultsC.reasonsD.collections答案C解析method方法;result结果;reason原因;collection收集品根据上句wonderedwhy”可知此处是经理解释不录用约翰的原因,故选CA.eventuallyB.randomlyC.regularlyD.certainly答案B解析eventually最后;randomly随便地;regularly定期地;certainly当然桌上有三本书,你没问哪一本就随便给我拿了一本故选BA.runB.pushD・move答案A解析run跑;push推动;walk走;move移动根据“tosavetime”可知,为了节省时间应该跑到桌边,故选AA.partsB.factsC.storiesD.details答案D解析part部分;fact事实;story故事;detail细节经理指出的这些细节表明约翰不是细心的人,故选DA.subjectB.ideaC.lessonD.skill答案c解析subject科目;idea想法;lesson教训;skill技能从约翰的经历中我们能学到一个教训,即约翰不注重细节,故选CA.mentionB.mindC.ignoreD.provide答案B解析mention提及,谈到;mind介意,专心于;ignore忽视;provide提供此处指一些人不注重生活中的细节,与下文“paymoreattentiontothedetails”意思一致,故选BA.matterB.troubleC.interestD.impress答案A解析matter有关系;trouble麻烦;interest使感兴趣;impress给人印象此处指确实是这些细节有关系,起重大作用故选AA.describeB.replaceC.determineD.value答案C解析describe描述;replace代替;determine决定;value评价这些细节有时甚至能决定我们的成功和失败,故选CA.selectionB.importanceC.competitionD.balance答案D解析selection选择;importance重要;competition竞争;balance平衡此处指学会保持数量和质量的平衡,平衡两者关系故选DA.quantityB.qualityC.safetyD.promise答案B解析quantity数量;quality质量;safety安全;promise许诺我们应该记住质量第一,如果没有质量数量就没有意义根据上文的uquantityandquality”和下文的quantity可知答案选B
二、合成法和转化法
1.合成法合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词写在一起,有的中间需加连字符,有的是分开写的两个)合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词高中阶段常见的合成形式有
2.转化法不增加任何成分,不改变词形,把一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性的构词法叫转化法常见的转化形式有1专项训练.单句语法填空Toavoidkneepainyoucanrunonsoftsurfacesdoexercisesto(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.(2018•全国I)答案strengthen解析此处表示做运动的目的,再根据后面的宾语yourlegmusclesv判断此处应该用及物动词strengthenoMostpubshavenowaiters—youhavetogotothebar(口巴台)tobuydrinks.Thismaysound(convenient)butEnglishpeopleareusedtodoingso.答案inconvenient解析这里指的是没有服务生为顾客服务是不方便的,所以在系动词sound后,用convenient的反义词形式Thirdlytherearesomereferencebookswithmanymistakeswhichmightleadstudents.答案mislead解析根据语境中的“withmanymistakes”可知,这些错误百出的参考书有可能误导学生,故用lead的反义词,且位于情态动词might后,要用动词原形,故填misleadNotknowinghowtooperatethecomputerisoneoftheadvantageinfindingjobs.答案disadvantages解析根据语境“不知道如何操作电脑在找工作时是不利条件之一”可知,此处应填disadvantagesTherichmanwaswilltoofferanyhelpwhichgreatlyupsetallthepeoplepresent.答案unwilling解析空格在be动词后,故用形容词形式根据句意“这位富人不愿意提供任何帮助,这使在场的人非常失望”可判断填unwillingon.语法填空2018•山东泰安高三期末AnAmericangirl
6.bearinChinaishelpingpromoteethnic民族的minoritycultureduringherone-workrotating轮流dutyasa“mayor”inatouristtowninSouthwestChinasGuizhouprovince.Accompaniedbyasplendidsongplayedonlusheng
7.oldChinesemusicalinstrumentAmericanJongMaydanced
8.wonderfulwithothermembersoftheMiaopeopleaminorityinChina.ThedancecalledJinjiDanceisaChinese
9.traditionfolkdanceoriginatingfromDanzhaicountyinGuizhouanautonomousregion
10.theethnicMiaoandDongpeoplelive.Aftertheperformancetheaudience
11.clapheartilyandmembersaskedoneafteranother“MayorcanItakeaphotowithyou”JongMaywhospeaksfluentMandarinreplied
12.Chinese“Certainly!”JongMay
2313.appointthe16th“mayor“ofWandatowninDanzhaicountyafterwinningaworldwidecampaigntorecruit招聘on-duty“mayors”forthesmalltown.startfromJuneeach“mayor”shouldserveforaone-weektermtospreadlocalcultureandsupportthetowns
15.develop.语篇解读从6月份开始,贵州省为部分旅游景点招聘“市长”,以传播中国的传统文化文章向我们介绍了一位生在中国的美国女孩竞聘此岗位后的工作情况.答案born解析考查非谓语动词提示词为动词,该句中已有谓语动词ishelping所以用born相当于whowasborn.答案an解析考查冠词lusheng芦笙是中国的一种传统乐器musicalinstrument表泛指,要用不定冠词,且空后的old为元音音素开关的单词,故用an.答案wonderfully解析考查副词修饰谓语动词danced作状语,用副词形式.答案traditional解析考查形容词修饰名词dance作定语,用形容词形式句意为这种舞蹈叫锦鸡舞,起源于贵州省的丹寨自治州,苗族和侗族人民生活在那里.答案where解析考查定语从句中关系副词的用法代替表示地点的先行词“autonomousregion自治区”,并且在从句中作地点状语.答案clapped解析考查动词的时态由下面的and可知,该词和下文的“asked”为并列的谓语动词,所以用过去式.答案in解析考查介词inChinese意为“用汉语”句意为普通话说得很流利的JongMay用汉语回答说“当然可以“.答案wasappointed解析考查动词的时态和语态主语为uJongMay,与appoint为动宾关系,即她被任命为市长,且动作发生在过去,故用wasappointedo.答案Starting解析考查非谓语动词句中已经有谓语动词“shouldservev所给动词“start”的逻辑主语就是句子的主语each“mayor,所以用现在分词作状语,表主动.答案development解析考查名词前有所有格“thetowns”作定语,所以用名词形式专题强化练十一I.语法填空1112018・安徽亳州质检AlthoughI
1.growupnotintheSouthbutinNorthernWisconsintherearememoriesthatare
2.same.Wecana11thinkaboutthepastifthosememoriesgive
3.wethestrengthtolivetoday.Thoughtodayisapresentandagiftthe
4.memoryofourfamiliesgiveusthestrengthtoappreciatethis“present”.ThosememoriesofmychildhoodhomeacrossthestreetfromGrandpaandGrandmashomebringmemoriesof
5.eaticecreamconesandswingingonthefrontporchswingandsingingcountrysongs
6.happy.Therearememoriesofmydadreadingthenewspaperandmomwearingherapronandmakingdoughnutsinthekitchen.PicturesofthefamilyallaroundarejustlikeIhavetodayinmyhome.Mydadwasaquietman
7.neverboughtorborrowedanythingunlesshecouldaffordit.MyauntlivedinthebedroomupstairsandsangPolishandcountrysongswithme.Mybrotherwasremembered
8.mychildhoodfriendwhenweplayedinthebackyard.Thesememoriesare
9.rootinmyheartandrundeep.Thesememoriesgiveme
10.strongtocarryonthefamilyvalues.Thesememoriesgivemea“common”and“solid“groundinmylife..答案grew解析考查时态根据语境可知此处表示过去不是在南部长大,所以用过去式.答案the解析考查冠词此处修饰same特指一样的回忆,所以用定冠词the.答案us解析考查代词此处作give的宾语,所以用宾格.答案memories解析考查名词的单复数此处在句中作主语,谓语是give所以根据主谓一致,主语应该为复数形式
5.答案eating解析考查动名词此处跟在介词of后应该用动词-ing形式.答案happily解析考查副词此处happily修饰动词eatswing和singo.答案who解析考查非限制性定语从句的关系词此句先行词为man指人,从句缺主语,所以用who.答案as解析考查固定短语berememberedas作为铭记.答案rooted解析考查固定短语berootedin表示“扎根于”.答案strength解析考查名词跟在动词give后作宾语,用名词strengthgivesb.sth.给某人某物2018•山东德州高三上期末Everydayhasthepotentialtobeagoodandinsomecasesagreatdayforyou.Fewofusgetupinthemorning
11.thinkthatwewantthistobeabadday.Yetinmanycasesthedayturnsthatwaybecauseofapersonoranevent
12.weworryabout.Thinkaboutthosesmall
13.eventwhichcanthrowyouoffbalanceandaffectyourwholeday
14.negative.Whostoleyourday
15.beityourbossanodddriveronthewaytoworkoranimpolitewaiteratlunchthatdidEverydaynumerouspeopleorthingscanpreventus
16.havingagooddayifweletthem.Thekeyisthatweshouldadopt
17.positiveattitudetowardslife.Wecannotcontrol
18.happenstousinmanycases
19.wecancontrolhowwereacttothem.Lao-tzuaChinesephilosophersaid“Hewhoconquersothersisstrong;hewhoconquers
20.heismighty.”语篇解读每天会发生许多事影响我们,我们不能控制许多情况的发生,但是我们可以控制我们对它们的反应,要学会控制自己,征服自己.答案thinking解析考查非谓语动词句中已有谓语动词getup故此处用非谓语动词句子的主语和动词think是主动关系,故用动词的・ing形式,在句中作伴随状语,故填thinking.答案that解析考查定语从句此处是定语从句,先行词是apersonoranevent既有人又有物,用关系代词that引导,故填that.答案events解析考查名词由those修饰,event是可数名词,此处用复数,表示那些事件,故填events.答案negatively解析考查副词此处修饰动词affect应用副词,故填negatively.答案Was解析考查动词的时态此句是强调句的一般疑问句式,根据所给时态thatdid可知动词be也用过去时,位于句首,首字母大写,故填Was.答案from解析考查介词表示“阻止某人做某事”用“preventsb.fromdoingsth故填from.答案a解析考查冠词句中attitude是可数名词,前有以辅音音素开头的形容词positive修饰,此处指“一种对生活的积极态度”,表示“一种”,故填冠词a.答案what解析考查宾语从句句意为我们不能控制在许多情况下发生在我们身上的事指发生的事,故填代词whato.答案but解析考查连词此处指我们不能控制在许多情况下发生在我们身上的事,但是我们可以控制我们对它们的反应前后句是转折关系,故填but.答案himself解析考查代词句意为一位中国的哲学家老子说能征服别人的人是坚强的,能征服自己的人是伟大的句中主语和宾语是同一个人,宾语用反身代词,故填himselfIL阅读理解(2018・湖南株洲质检一)Itisaquestionpeoplehavebeenaskingforages.IsthereawaytoturnbacktheagingprocessForcenturiespeoplehavebeenlookingforaufountainofyouth.Theideaisthatifyoufindamagicalfountainanddrinkfromitswatersyouwillnotage.SpanishexplorerJuanPoncedeLeonsearchedforwaterswithmagicalpowersintheearly1500s.ButwhathefoundinsteadistheAmericanstateofFlorida.ResearchersinNewYorkdidnotfindanactualfountainofyouthbuttheymayhavefoundawaytoturnbacktheagingprocess.ltappearstheanswermaybehiddenrightbetweenyoureyesinanareacalledthe06/13hypothalamus.Thehypothalamusispartofyourbrain.ltcontrolsimportantactivitieswithinthebody.CaiDongshengaprofessorattheAlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicinefoundthathypothalamusstemcellsinfluencehowfastagingtakesplaceinthebodyaswell.Healsoreportedthatwhenthehypothalamusstartsagingsodoesthebody.Sowhenhypothalamusfunctionisindeclineparticularlythelossofhypothalamusstemcellsandthisprotectionagainsttheagingdevelopmentislostiteventuallyleadstoaging.Usingthisinformationtheresearchersbegantryingtoactivate(激活)orenergizethehypothalamusinlaboratorymice.Theydidthisbyinjecting(注射)theanimalswithstemcelIs.Latertheresearchersexaminedtissuesandtestedforchangesinbehavior.Theylookedforchangesinthestrengthoftheanimalsmuscles.Theyalsostudiedthesocialbehaviorandcognitive(认知)abilityofthemice.Theresearcherssaytheresultsshowthatthetreatmentslowedaginginanimals.Caisaysinjectingmiddle-agedmicewithstemcellsfromyoungermicehelpedtheolderanimalslivelonger.Thesefindingscouldleadtonewwaystohelpdoctorsidentifyandtreatanynumberofhealthissuesconcerningagingproblems.IfthemicecanlivelongerdoesthatmeanpeoplecouldhavelongerlivesThisisthequestionCaiandhisteamarethinkingabout..WhatdidJuanPoncedeLeonfindA・TheAmericanstateofFlorida.B・Magicalpowers.C・AFountainofyouth.D.Awaytostoptheagingprocess.答案A角翠析细节理解题根据第二段中的uSpanishexplorerJuanPoncedeLeonsearchedforwaterswithmagicalpowersintheearly1500s.ButwhathefoundinsteadistheAmericanstateofFlorida.n可知,JuanPoncedeLeon没有找到不老泉,而是找到了美国的佛罗里达州故选A.WhatdoweknowaboutthehypothalamusA.Itislocatedintheeyes.B・Itstartsagingduetotheincreaseofitsstemcells.Itplaysakeyroleincontrollingtheagingprocess.Itfunctionswellwhenthebodystartsaging.答案c解析细节理解题根据第四段中的...hypothalamusstemcellsinfluencehowfastagingtakesplaceinthebodyaswell.Healsoreportedthatwhenthehypothalamusstartsagingsodoesthebody.“可决口,下丘月盲干细月包会影响衰老在体内的速度当下丘脑开始老化时,身体也开始老化故选C
23.WhatdidtheresearchersdoduringtheexperimentA.Theystrengthenedthemusclesofthemice.B・Theyexaminedtissuesandtestedthebehaviorofmice.Theyinjectedthestemcellsintotheyoungermice.Theychangedthesocialbehaviorandcognitiveabilityofthemice.答案B解析细节理解题根据第六段中的“…Theydidthisbyinjecting(注射)theanimalswithstemcells.Latertheresearchersexaminedtissuesandtestedforchangesinbehavior.v可知,研究人员给实验小白鼠注射动物干细胞,然后检查老鼠的组织并测试它们行为的变化故选BWhatwouldtheresearchersprobablydonextA.Injectstemcellsofmiceintohumans.B・Researchonthecognitivepsychology.Helpthemicelivelonger.Seeifanti-agingeffectsalsoworkinhumanbeings.答案D解析推理判断题根据最后一段中的^IfthemicecanlivelongerdoesthatmeanpeoplecouldhavelongerlivesThisisthequestionCaiandhisteamarethinkingabout.”可知,下一步应该是研究抗衰老的效果是否适用于人类故选DIII.七选五(2018•山西太原二模)WewerehighinthemountainsofXishuangbannaasfarsouthasyoucangetinYunnanskirtingthebordersofMyanmarandLaos.Thedrivewastypicaltextbookbeauty mountainsthickwithrubbertreeforestspuerteaplantationsbananapalmsandtinyDaivillages.HiddenamongthefieldsofgreenIspottedanoddcollectionofwoodenboxesnearatentonthesideoftheroad.25WehadrunintothecurrenthomeofWeiDajinga17-year-oldapprentice(学徒)beekeeperwhowasmanninghishives.Weiwasfreshtothebeekeepinglifeandhadbeenonthejobforjusttwomonthsandwasheretolearnfromamasterbeekeeper.Theirtentandhiveset-upisalwaystemporary.26Thisparticularspotwasstationedatasunnypatchofyellowflowers.Oncetheseflowersdietherubbertreeswillbefloweringsowewillmovetowardthem“hetoldSam.Likethievesinthenightthebeekeeperswillstealthilypackuptheirhivesinthedarkoncethebeesgotosleep.Theyaremostactivearoundmiddaywhentheyarecollectingtheirnectar(花蜜).27Weiexplained.ThehiveswerehummingandbeeswereinvasivelybuzzingaroundWeiashespoketous.PiecesoffruitlaydryingamongthehivesusedtofeedthebeesandgivethemanextraboostofenergyonceWeibottlesuptheirhard-earnedhoney.Samwhoalsohasacoupleofhisownsmallhivesinhisbackyardtellsusyoumustalwaysleavealittlebitofhoneyinthehive.28WewavedgoodbyetoWei.BackatSamshousehegaveusabowlfuloflocalhoney.29LackingtheusualsweetnessofhoneybutinsteadrichwithamoresavoryspicedflavorittastedjustlikeChina.A.Itwassmooththinandrunny.B-Weiskillfullycollectedhoneyfromthehives.Otherwisethebeesgetfedupandabandonyou.Maybeitistheflowersthatgivesuchuniquetastetothehoney.By10pmtheyareasleepintheirhiveswhichiswhenwemove.IaskedourexcellentguideandnewbestfriendSamtopullover.Weiandhismastermovetheircampastheflowersbloomanddie..答案F解析上句介绍我在路边的一个帐篷附近发现了一堆奇怪的木箱,F项我让我们优秀的向导和新朋友萨姆靠边停车,与上句连接,说明作者对木箱好奇,故选F.答案G解析上句介绍他们的帐篷和蜂巢总是临时的,G项说明了原因他们随着花开花谢移动帐篷故选G
27.答案E解析本段讲一旦蜜蜂睡着了,养蜂人就会在黑暗中偷偷地把蜂巢收拾起来,蜜蜂最活跃的时候是在正午时收集它们的花蜜E项到了晚上10点,它们就睡在蜂房里,这时养蜂人就开始活动符合本段内容,故选E.答案C解析上句萨姆告诉我们,一定要在蜂房里留下一点蜂蜜C项说明了原因否则蜜蜂厌倦了就会抛弃你故选C.答案A解析上句讲萨姆给了我们一碗当地的蜂蜜,A项它光滑、稀薄而松软描述这碗蜂蜜的样子,与上句连接,故选AIV.完形填空(2018•陕西渭南质检)Johngraduatedfromakeyuniversityandhewasverygoodathismajor.Hewishedtofindagoodjob.Onedayhewenttoacompanyto30forajob.Hegotthenewsinanewspaper.Hedidsomeresearchonthiscompany.Whenhewas31everythingwentwell.Themanageraskedhimsomequestionsandheansweredthem32Johnwasverysatisfiedwithhisperformancesandwasvery33thathecouldgetthejob.Butatthatmomentthemanagersphone
34.Hepickedupthephonelistenedandnodded.AndthenheturnedaroundandsaidtoJohn“SorryIwanttogetsomeimportant35now.Pleasegivemethebookwiththered36onthatdesk.Johnlookedaroundandfound3booksonthedesksoJohnwenttothedesktookonebookandhandedittohim37Holdingthebookthemanager38thephoneandsaiduSorrywecannotgivethejobtoyou.vJohnwas39andwonderedwhy.Themanagersaid“Therearethree前/后缀例词前缀en-able-tenable使能够largerenlarge少人rich—enrich使充实后缀-enbroad-*broaden(使)变宽ripe-ripen(使)成熟sharpfsharpen使尖锐widefwiden力口宽-ifyclass-*classify把分类just—justify证明正确simple^simplify简化-izeapology-apologize道歉前/后缀例词前缀dis-agree-disagree不同意advantage-*disadvantage缺点il-legalillegal不合法的logical-^illogical不合逻辑的im-polite^impolite无礼的patient-*impatient不耐烦的in-formalinformal非正式的convenient-*^inconvenient不方便的ir-regularfirregular不规则的responsible-irresponsible不负责任的mis-leadmislead误导understand^misunderstand误解non-non-smoker不吸烟者non-stop直达的un-usualunusual不寻常的willing-unwilling不愿意的后缀-lesshopefhopeless绝望的endfendless没完没了的合成名词notebook笔记本;classroom教室;blackboard黑板;teamwork协作;secondlanguage第二语言合成形容词lifelong毕生的;second-hand二手的;man-made人工的;widespread广泛的合成动词underline圆底线标出;whitewash掩饰,把刷白;broadcast广播;download下载名词一动词button纽扣fbutton扣上纽扣形容词一动词correct正确的fcorrect改正动词f名词feed喂养ffeed一餐;一顿形容词一名词native本地的一native本地人副词f动词up在上面fup提高。