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哈工大考博英语真题GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.programHarbinInstituteofTechnology第一套PartIReadingComprehension40pointsPassage1Questions1——5arebashedonthefollowingpassage.Theplanetslastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsagoforestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremilesorabout40percentofEarthslandsurface.Todayalmosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheaxthechainsawthematchstickorthebulldozer.AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonlyshowsthelocationsofformerforestsbutalsoassessestheconditionoftodaysforestsworldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorldConservationMonitoringCentertheWorldWildlifeFundand90forestexpertsatavarietyofuniversitiesgovernmentorganizationsandenvironmentalgroups.Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill-frontierforests11definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversityprotectwatershedspreventfloodingandsoilerosionandstabilizeclimate.Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon7tqualifyas-frontier||becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.There7ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft||saysresearchassociateDirkBryanttheprincipalauthorofthereportQuestions19——25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(GRE阅读)ThetwoclawsofthematureAmericanlobsteraredecidedlydifferentfromeachotherThecrusherclawisshortandstout:thecutterclawislongandslender.Suchbilateralasymmetryinwhichtherightsideofthebodyisinallotherrespectsamirrorimageoftheleftsideisnotunlikehandednessinhumans.Butwherethemajorityofhumansareright-handedinlobstersthecrusherclawappearswithequalprobabilityoneithertherightorleftsideofthebody.Bilateralasymmetryoftheclawscomesaboutgradually.Inthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagesofdevelopmentthepairedclawsaresymmetricalandcutter-like.Asymmetrybeginstoappearinthejuvenilesixthstageofdevelopmentandthepairedclawsfurtherdivergetowardwell-definedcutterandcrusherclawsduringsucceedingstages.AnintriguingaspectofthisdevelopmentwasdiscoveredbyVictorEmmel.Hefoundthatifoneofthepairedclawsisremovedduringthefourthoffifthstagetheintactclawinvariablybecomesacrusherwhiletheregeneratedclawbecomesacutter.Removalofaclawduringalaterjuvenilestageorduringadulthoodwhenasymmetryispresentdoesnotaltertheasymmetrytheintactandtheregeneratedclawsretaintheiroriginalstructures.Theseobservationsindicatethattheconditionstattriggerdifferentiationmustoperateinarandommannerwhenthepairedclawsareintactbutinanonrandommannerwhenoneoftheclawsislost.Onepossibleexplanationisthatdifferentialuseoftheclawsdeterminetheirasymmetry.Perhapstheclawthatisusedmorebecomesthecrusher.Thiswouldexplainwhywhenoneoftheclawsismissingduringthefourthorfifthstagetheintactclawalwaysbecomesacrusher.Withtwointactclawsinitialuseofoneclawmightprompttheanimaltouseitmorethantheotherthroughoutthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagescausingittobecomeacrusher.Totestthishypothesisresearchersraisedlobstersinthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagesofdevelopmentinalaboratoryenvironmentinwhichthelobsterscouldmanipulateoysterchips.Notcoincidentallyatthisstageofdevelopmentlobsterstypicallychangefromahabitatwheretheydriftpassivelytotheoceanfloorwheretheyhavetheopportunitytobemoreactivebyburrowinginthesubstratum.Undertheseconditionsthelobstersdevelopedasymmetricslawshalfwithcrusherclawsontheleftandhalfwithcrusherclawsontheright.Incontrastwhenjuvenilelobsterswererearedinasmoothtankwithouttheoysterchipsthemajoritydevelopedtwocutterclaws.Thisunusualconfigurationofsymmetricalcutterclawsdidnotchangewhenthelobstersweresubsequentlyplacedinamanipulatableenvironmentorwhentheylostandregeneratedoneorbothclaws.这篇文章开始提出了一个有趣的有待解释的现象,即美洲龙虾的两螯大小不一样〃读者可以通过这点判断出全文为解释针对问题〃型文章再往下看,文章的第二段的首句并没有进行转折,而是继续对这种奇怪现象的形成进行讲述,因为与第一段是顺承关系,所以第二段的首句即为该段的大意句直到文章的第三段,作者才给出了一个对这一现象的解释,标志性的词语是Onepossibleexplanationisthat暗示着着将是一个作者给予正评价的解释,所以这句话是全文的中心句最后,在文章的最后一段,作者用了一个试验证实了上文的解释是有效的作者并没有给出其他的解释针对这一现象,所以可以肯定的是,这篇文章是属于〃一个解释针对一个问题〃thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith.AdrawingananalogybetweenasymmetryinlobstersandhandednessinhumansBdevelopingamethodforpredictingwhethercrusherclawsinlobsterswillappearontheleftorrightsideCexplainingdifferencesbetweenlobsterscrusherclawsandcutterclawsDdiscussingapossibleexplanationforthebilateralasymmetryinlobsterseachofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedevelopmentofalobsterscrusherclawissupportedbyinformationinthepassageexcept.AItcanbestoppedononesideandbeginontheotherterthejuvenilesixthstage.BItoccursgraduallyoveranumberofstages.CItisinitiallyapparentinthejuvenilesixthstage.DItcanoccurevenwhenaprospectivecrusherclawisremovedinthejuvenilesixthstage.whichofthefollowingexperimentalresultsifobservedwouldmostclearlycontradictthefindingsofVictorEmmelAleftcutter-likeclawisremovedinthefifthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontherightside.Aleftcutter-likeclawisremovedinthesixthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontherightside.Aleftcutter-likeclawsareremovedinthefifthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontheliftside.Bothcutter-likeclawsareremovedinthefifthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontheleftside.Itcanbeinferredthatofthetwolaboratoryenvironmentsmentionedinthepassagetheonewithoystershipswasdesignedto.AprovethatthepresenceofoysterchipswasnotnecessaryforthedevelopmentofacrusherclawBprovethattherelativelengthoftimethatthelobsterswereexposedtotheoyster-chipenvironmenthadlittleimpactonthedevelopmentofacrusherclawCeliminatetheenvironmentasapossibleinfluenceinthedevelopmentofacrusherclawDsimulatetheconditionsthatlobstersencounterintheirnaturalenvironmentItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonedifferencebetweenlobstersintheearlierstagesofdevelopmentandthoseinthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagesisthatlobstersintheearlystagesare.AlikelytobelessactiveBlikelytobelesssymmetricalCmorelikelytoloseaclawDmorelikelytoregeneratealostclawwhichofthefollowingconditionsdoesthepassagesuggestisapossiblecauseforthefailureofalobstertodevelopacrusherclawAthelossofaclawduringthethirdorearlierstageofdevelopmentBthelossofaclawduringthefourthorfifthstageofdevelopmentCthelossofaclawduringthesixthstageofdevelopmentDDevelopmentinanenvironmentshortofmaterialthatcanbemanipulatedtheauthorregardstheideathatdifferentiationistriggeredrandomlywhenpairedclawsremainintactas.AirrefutableconsideringtheauthoritativenatureofEmmeLsobservationsBlikelyinviewofpresentevidenceCcontradictorytoconventionalthinkingonlobster-clawdifferentiationDpurelyspeculativebecauseitisbasedonscatteredresearchandexperimentationPassage5Questions26——33arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(未知)Ithasalwaysbeendifficultforthephilosopherorscientisttofittimeintohisviewoftheuniverse.PriortoEinsteinianphysics.HowevereventheEinsteinianformulationisnotperhapstotallyadequatetothejoboffittingtimeintotheproperrelationshipwiththeotherdimensionsastheyarecalledofspace.Theprimaryproblemarisesinrelationshiptothingswhichmightbegoingfasterthanthespeedoflightorhaveotherstrangeproperties.ExaminationoftheLorenta-Fitzgeraldformulasyieldstheinterestingspeculationthatifsomethingdidactuallyexceedthespeedoflightitwouldhaveitsmassexpressedasanimaginarynumberandwouldseemtobegoingbackwardintime.Thebarriertoexceedingthespeedoflightistheapparentneedtohaveaninfinitequantityofmassmovedatexactlythespeedoflight.Ifthissituationcouldbeleapedoverinalargequantumjump——whichseemshighlyunlikelyformassesthatarelargeinnormalcircumstancesthentheothersidemaybeachievable.Therehavebeeninfactsomeobservationsofparticlechamberswhichhaveledsomescientiststospeculatethataparticlecalledthetachyonmayexistwiththetrans-lightpropertieswehavejustdiscussed.Onedifficultyofimaginingandcopingwiththesepotentialimplicationsofourmathematicalmodelspointsouttheimportanceofstudyingalternativemethodsofnotationforadvancedphysics.ProfessorZuckerkandlinhisbook-SoundandSymbol||zhypothesizesthatitmightbebettertoexpresstherelationshipsfoundinquantummechanicsthroughtheuseofanotationderivedfrommusicalnotations.Tooversimplifygreatlyhearguesthatmusichasalwaysgiventimeaspecialrelationshiptootherfactorsorparametersordimensions.Thereforeitmightbeamoreusefullanguageinwhichtoexpresstherelationshipsinphysicswheretimeagainhasaspecialroletoplayzandcannotbetreatedasjustanotherdimension.Thepointofthisoranyotheralternativetothecurrentmethodsofdescribingbasicphysicalprocessesisthattimedoesnotappeareitherbycommonexperienceorsophisticatedscientificunderstanding----tobethesamesortofdimensionorparameterasphysicaldimensionsandisdeservingofcompletelyspecialtreatmentinasystemofnotationdesignedtoaccomplishthatgoal.Oneapproachwouldbetoconsidertimetobeafieldeffectgovernedbytheapplicationofenergytomass——thatistosaybytheinteractionofdifferentformsofenergyifyouwishtokeepinmindtheequivalenceofmassandenergy.Themovementofanynormalsortofmassisboundtoproduceafieldeffectthatwecallpositivetime.Animaginarymasswouldproduceanegativetimefield.ThisisnotatvariancewithEinstein7stheoriessincethe-faster7agivemassmovesthemorethemoreenergywasappliedtoitandthegreaterwouldbethefieldeffect.ThetimeeffectspredictedbyEinsteinandthegreaterwouldbethefieldeffect.ThetimeeffectspredictedbyEinsteinandconfirmedbyexperienceareitseemsconsonantwiththisconcept.the-soundinthetitleofprofessorZukerkandl7sbookprobablyrefersto.AthemusicofthespheresBmusicintheabstractCmusicalnotationDtheseeminglymusicalsoundsproducedbytachyonsThepassagesupportstheinferencethat.A.EinsteinstheoryofrelativityiswrongBtheLorenta-FitzgeraldformulascontradictEinstein7stheoriesCtachyonsdonothavethesamesortofmassasanyotherparticlesDitisimpossibletotravelatpreciselythespeedoflight.Thetoneofthepassageis.AcriticalbuthopefulBhopefulbutsuspiciousCsuspiciousbutspeculativeDspeculativebuthopefulthecentralideaofthepassagecanbebestdescribedaswhichofthefollowingIrregularitiesintheoreticalphysicsnotationpermitintriguinghypothesesandindicatetheneedforrefinednotationoftimedimension.Newobservationsrequirethedevelopmentofnewtheoriesandnewmethodsofdescribingthetheories.Einsteinianphysicscanbemuchimprovedoninitstreatmentoftachyons.ZuckerkandrstheoriesoftachyonformulationarepreferabletoEinstein7s.Accordingtotheauthoritistoosoonto.AadoptproposalssuchasZuckerkandlzsBplanfortimetravelCstudyparticlechambersfortachyontracesDattempttoimprovecurrentnotationitcanbeinferredthattheauthorseesZuckerkandlasbelievingthatmathematicsisa.AlanguageBmusicalnotationCgreathindrancetofullunderstandingofphysicsDdifficultfieldofstudyinthefirstsentencetheauthorrefersto-philosopher||aswellasto-scientistbecause.AhewantstoshowhisrespectforthemBphilosophersstudyallthingsintheworldCthestudyofthemethodsofanyfieldisbothaphilosophicalandscientificquestionDthenatureoftimeisabasicquestioninphilosophyaswellasphysicswhenthepassagesaysthe-particlecalledthetachyonmayexist||thereadermayinferthat.AthetachyonwasnamedbeforeitexistedBtachyonsareimaginaryinexistenceaswellasmassCthetachyonwasprobablynamedwhenitsexistencewaspredictedbytheorybutitsexistencewasnotyetknown.Dmanyscientificideasmaynotexistinfact.Passage6Questions3440arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theterm-remotesensing7referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheearth7sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscannerscientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.TheseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth7ssurface.Digitalmultispectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessingitispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.TheacquisitionofthefirstmutispectraldigitaldadasetfromthemultispectralscannerMSSaboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolvebyconventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicrevolution.Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencetheoccurrenceoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.Geologicalmapsincorporatealargevariedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurementsbutthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposureaccessibilityandlaborresources.Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.SincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareasthecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathadintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognizedbutinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.HoweversomecriticalinformationcannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensingandseveralcharacteristicsoftheLandsatMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspeciallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffectiveremotesensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveyslaboratorytestsandthetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury.whichofthefollowingcanbemeasuredbytheoptomechanicalscannerbutnotbyvisiblelightphotographyTheamountofvisiblelightreflectedfromoceans.DailytemperaturechangesofareasontheEarth7ssurface.thataccompaniesthenewmap.InthereportBryantDanielNielsenandLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;11nationsthatare-ontheedge||;28countrieswith-notmuchtime||;andonlyeight——includingCanadaRussiaandBrazilthatstillhavea-greatopportunity||tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:Inthelower48stateszsaysBryantgreatopportunity||tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:IntheIower48statessaysBryantonly1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.||Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbyloggingsaysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohuntingminingfirewoodgatheringandlandclearingforfarms.WhatcanprotectfrontierforestsTheresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.-Itspossibletorestorefrontiers||saysBryantbutthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeitsgone.||WhatisthemainideaofthepassageThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.Thehistoryofecology.Theforestmapinthepast.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Thedegreeofradioactivityemittedbyexposedrocksontheearth7ssurface.Atmosphericconditionsoverlargelandmasses.Amajordisadvantageofphotographicimagingingeologicmappingisthatsuchphotography.AcannotbeusedatnightBcannotfocusonthedetailsofageologicareaCmustbechemicallyprocessedDisalwaysenhancedbydigitalreconstructionLandsatimagesdifferfromconventionalgeologicmapsinthattheformer.ArevealtheexactsizeofpetroleumdepositsandoredepositsBindicatethecontinuityoffeaturesthatmightnototherwisebeinterpretedascontinuousCpredictthemovementsofglaciersDprovidehighlyaccuratedataabouttheoccurrenceofmineraldeposits.thepassageprovidesinformationaboutallofthefollowingtopicsexcept.Atheprinciplemethodofgeologicremotesensingpriortothemid-1960sBsomephenomenameasuredbydigitalmultispectralimagesinremotesensingCsomeofthepracticalusesofregionalgeologicmapsDproblemsthataredifficulttosolvesolelythroughconventionalmethodsofgeologicmappingwhatdoestheauthormentionabout-theconventionalmethods||Theyconsistprimarilyoffieldsurveysandlaboratorymeasurements.TheyarenotusefulinprovidinginformationnecessaryforreconstructingCTheyhaverarelybeenusedbygeologistssince1972DTheyareusedprimarilytogathercompositionalinformationaboutgeologic.Byusingtheword-interpretative||inParagraph4theauthorindicates.A.somemapsarebasedmoreondatafromaerialphotographythanondatafromfieldoperations.BsomemapsareusedalmostexclusivelyonlaboratorymeasurementsCsomemapsarebasedonincompletedatafromfieldobservationsDsomemapsshowonlylargegeologicfeatures40Accordingtotheauthor.AgeologicmappingisbasicallyanartandnotascienceBgeologicmappinghasnotchangedsignificantlysincetheearly1960sCgeologicmappingwillhavelimitedpracticalapplicationsuntilremote-sensingsystemsareperfectedDadevelopmentalmilestoneingeologicmappingwasreachedin1972TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoChinesePassage1Highlysuccessfulscientistsdependonspecialtalentslikeinartsmusicandsoon.Natureproducesthemonlyveryslowlyparsimoniouslyandataconstantrateonehastodomorewithbothnaturalgiftsandformalextensiveacademictraining.Theirnumbercannotbeincreasedundercommand;theydevelopspontaneouslywheneverthescientifictrainingofcommunityisadequatetoprovidethebasictrainingtheyneedwhichistodaythecaseinseveralnationsovertheworldincludingmanyofthedevelopingcountries.Thesecondelementisthe-collectivityeffect||.Scientificprogressisgreatlyenhancedbyanonlineareffect.Progressismuchfasterwhenmanyanddifferenttypesofscientistsinteractcloselytogether.Thisisparticularlyactiveatthe-interface||betweendisciplines;forinstanceachemistryideaappliedtobiologyamathematicalconceptappliedtophysicsandsoon.Passage2Thephrase-ALawofNature||isprobablyrarerinmodemscientificwritingthanwasthecasesomegenerationsago.Thisispartlyduetoaverynaturalobjectiontotheuseofthewordlawintwodifferentsenses.Humansocietieshavelaws.Inprimitivesocietiesthereisnotdistinctionbetweenlawandcustom.Somethingsaredone;othersarenot.Thisisregardedaspartofthenatureofthingsandgenerallyasanunalterablefact.Ifcustomschangethechangeistooslowtobeobservedlateronkingsandprophetscouldproclaimnewlawsbuttherewasnowayofwithdrawingoldones.TheGreekdemocraciesmadethegreatandrevolutionarydiscoverythatacommunitycouldconsciouslymakenewlawsandrepealoldones.Soforusahumanlawissomethingwhichisvalidonlyoveracertainnumberofpeopleforacertainperiodoftime.Passage3Privateenterprisewillbecomethedrivingforcebehindspacelaunchesthefuturistssay.CommercialspaceactivitieswillprobablygrowbeyondthegovernmentscivilianspaceprograminthecomingdecadesremarksCharlesEldredoftheNationalAeronauticsandspaceAdministration.Businesseswilllaunchtheirownspaceshuttlestocreateweightlessfactoriesinspace.Usescouldincludemanufacturingpharmaceuticaldrugsmakingballbearingsandgrowingcrystalsforcomputerchips.Thereiseventalkofeventuallysendingtouristsonshuttleflight--thoughtheairfarewouldbeexorbitantScientistssaythatgovernmentconstructionofamultibillion-dollarpermanentspacestationwillaidindetectingnaturaldisastersonearthinadvanceconductingmedicalresearchandcollectingsolarenergytotransmitback.Pentagonofficialshopetobeabletosendoffraysfromaspacestationtohitmissilesfiredfromearth.Thespacestationmaybeusedaswelltostagelong-distanceflightstothemoonmarsandplanetsbeyond.Passage4Lawsandregulationsarenevertobeforgotteninthedevelopmentoftheinformationsuperhighwayalthoughmarketforceswillhelpkeepthenewtechnologyaffordableweneedlawstoprotectconsumerswhencompetitionfailsandbecauseseveralcompanieswilloperatethesuperhighwayseachmustberequiredtointerconnectwiththeothers.Likewisethenewcomputersthatwillgiveaccesstothesuperhighwayshouldbebuiltaccordingtocommonlyacceptedstandards.Alsoevenanopencompetitivemarketwillleaveoutorganizationswithlimitedresourcessuchasschoolsandlibraries.Tocompensateformarketoversightswemustenforceregulationstoensurethatmoneywhetherthroughgovernmentsupportorataxonthecompaniesthatwillcontrolthesuperhighway-ismadeavailabletotheseinstitutionsandwillbeusedandoperatedaccordinglySectionTwoTranslationfromChineseintoEnglish20pointsPassage1当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题真正的解决办法要从重新设计以及最终弥合文明与地球的关系中去寻找要完成这一点需重新仔细估量导致这种关系在较近时期内发生剧烈变化的所有各种因素改变我们与地球关系的途径当然涉及到新技术的发明和应用,但关键的变化将与这种关系本身的新思路有关Passage2对于现代科学活动的规模,利用最佳的思想和提供适宜的一熔炉已经可以在国际上很好地得以实现但应该说明的是,长期以来,科学国际化过程一直在以隐蔽的形式发展着,而我们今天所要落实到实处的,只是有必使原有的这一过程变为一种更加完善、更加系统的制度答案是.A.D.A.C.B.C.C.C.D
10.D
11.A
12.B
13.C
14.C
15.C
16.D
17.B
18.C
19.D
20.A
21.C
22.D
23.A
24.D
25.B26A27C28D29B30B31A32D33C
34.B35C
36.B37B
38.A
39.C
40.DThecurrentthreatofhumanbeingtoglobalenvironmentoffersaseriesofproblemswhoserealsolutionshavetobefoundfromare-designandfinalreconciliationoftherelationbetweencivilizationandtheearth.Torealizethisweneedtore-evaluateallthefactorscausingtherecentradicalchangestotherelation.Theapproachtochangingourrelationtotheearthofcourseinvolvestheinventionandapplicationofnewtechnologiesbutthekeychangeisrelatedwithanewinsightintotherelation.Byemployingtheoptimalthoughtandpropermeltingpotitispossibletoconductlargescalescientificresearchinternationally.Itshouldbenotedtheinternationalizationofthescientificresearchhasbeendevelopingsecretlyforalongtime.Whatweshoulddonowistomakethisprocessmoreperfectandsystematic.GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.programHarbinInstituteofTechnology第二套PassageOneQuestions1-7arebasedonthefollowingpassage:GMATAccordingtoarecenttheoryArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemswereformedovertwobillionyearsagofrommagmaticfluidsthatoriginatedfrommoltengranitelikebodiesdeepbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth.Thistheoryiscontrarytothewidelyheldviewthatthesystemsweredepositedfrommetamorphicfluidsthatisfromfluidsthatformedduringthedehydrationofwetsedimentaryrocks.Therecentlydevelopedtheoryhasconsiderablepracticalimportance.MostofthegolddepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrusheswereexposedattheEarthssurfaceandwerefoundbecausetheyhadshedtrailsofalluvialgoldthatwereeasilytracedbysimpleprospectingmethods.Althoughthesesamemethodsstillleastoanoccasionaldiscoverymostdepositsnotyetdiscoveredhavegoneundetectedbecausetheyareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression.Thechallengeinexplorationisthereforetounravelthesubsurfacegeologyofanareaandpinpointthepositionofburiedminerals.Methodswidelyusedtodayincludeanalysisofaerialimagesthatyieldabroadgeologicaloverviewgeophysicaltechniquesthatprovidedataonthemagneticelectricalandmineralogicalpropertiesoftherocksbeinginvestigatedandsensitivechemicalteststhatareabletodetect:thesubtlechemicalhalosthatoftenenvelopmineralization.Howevernoneofthesehigh-technologymethodsareofanyvalueifthesitestowhichtheyareappliedhavenevermineralizedandtomaximizethechancesofdiscoverytheexplorermustthereforepayparticularattentiontoselectingthegroundformationsmostlikelytobemineralized.Suchgroundselectionreliestovaryingdegreesonconceptualmodelswhichtakeintoaccounttheoreticalstudiesofrelevantfactors.Thesemodelsareconstructedprimarilyfromempiricalobservationsofknownmineraldepositsandfromtheoriesofore-formingprocesses.Theexplorerusesthemodelstoidentifythosegeologicalfeaturesthatarecriticaltotheformationofthemineralizationbeingmodeledandthentriestoselectareasforexplorationthatexhibitasmanyofthecriticalfeaturesaspossible.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.advocatingareturntoanoldermethodology.explainingtheimportanceofarecenttheory.enumeratingdifferencesbetweentwowidelyusedmethodsdescribingeventsleadingtoadiscoveryAccordingtopassagethewidelyheldviewofArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemsisthatsuchsystemsAwereformedfrommetamorphicfluids.BoriginatedinmoltengranitelikebodiesCwereformedfromalluvialdepositsDgenerallyhavesurfaceexpressionThepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingstepswouldbethefirstperformedbyexplorerswhowishtomaximizetheirchancesofdiscoveringgoldASurveyingseveralsitesknowntohavebeenformedmorethantwobillionyearsago.BLimitingexplorationtositesknowntohavebeenformedformmetamorphicfluid.CUsinganappropriateconceptualmodeltoselectasiteforfurtherexploration.DUsinggeophysicalmethodstoanalyzerocksoverabroadarea.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdiscoveriesofgolddepositsissupportedbyinformationinthepassageAThenumberofgolddiscovermadeannuallyhasincreasedbetweenthetimeoftheoriginalgoldrushesandthepresentBNewdiscoveriesofgolddepositsarelikelytobetheresultofexplorationtechniquesdesignedtolocateburiedmineralizationCItisunlikelythatnewlydiscoveredgolddepositswilleveryieldasmuchasdidthosedepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrushes.DModernexplorersaredividedonthequestionoftheutilityofsimpleprospectingmethodsasasourceofnewdiscoveriesofgolddeposits.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingiseasiesttodetectAAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmagmaticfluids.BAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmetamorphicfluids.CAgolddepositthatismixedwithgranite.DAgolddepositthathasshedalluvialgold.ThetheorymentionedinlineIrelatestotheconceptualmodelsdiscussedinthepassageinwhichofthefollowingwaysAItmayfurnishavalidaccountofore-formingprocessesandhencecansupportconceptualmodelsthathavegreatpracticalsignificance.BItsuggeststhatcertaingeologicalformationslongbelievedtobemineralizedareinfactmineralizedthusconfirmingcurrentconceptualmodels.C.ItsuggeststhattheremaynotbeenoughsimilarityacrossArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemstowarranttheformulationofconceptualmodels.DItcorrectsexistingtheoriesaboutthechemicalhalosofgolddepositsandthusprovidesabasisforcorrectingcurrentconceptualmodels.AccordingtothepassagemethodsofexploringforgoldthatarewidelyusedtodayarebasedonwhichofthefollowingfactsAMostoftheEarthsremaininggolddepositsarestillmolten.BMostoftheEarthsremaininggolddepositsareexposedatthesurface.CMostoftheEarth7sremaininggolddepositsareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpressionDOnlyonetypeofgolddepositwarrantsexplorationsincetheothertypesofgolddepositsarefoundinregionsdifficulttoreachPassageTwoQuestions8-15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:GMATInchoosingamethodfordeterminingclimaticconditionsthatexistedinthepastpaleoclimatologistsinvokefourprincipalcriteria.Firstthematerial—rockslakesvegetationetc.—onwhichthemethodreliesmustbewidespreadenoughtoprovideplentyofinformationsinceanalysisofmaterialthatisrarelyencounteredwillnotpermitcorrelationwithotherregionsorwithotherperiodsofgeologicalhistory.Secondintheprocessofformationthematerialmusthavereceivedanenvironmentalsignalthatreflectsachangeinclimateandthatcanbedecipheredbymodernphysicalorchemicalmeans.Thirdatleastsomeofthematerialmusthaveretainedthesignalunaffectedbysubsequentchangesintheenvironment.Fourthitmustbepossibletodeterminethetimeatwhichtheinferredclimaticconditionsheld.Thislastcriterionismoreeasilymetindatingmarinesedimentsbecausedatingofonlyasmallnumberoflayersinamarinesequenceallowstheageofotherlayerstobeestimatedfairlyreliablybyextrapolationandinterpolation.Bycontrastbecausesedimentationismuchlesscontinuousincontinentalregionsestimatingtheageofacontinentalbedfromtheknownagesofbedsaboveandbelowismorerisky.Oneveryoldmethodusedintheinvestigationofpastclimaticconditionsinvolvesthemeasurementofwaterlevelsinancientlakes.Intemperateregionsthereareenoughlakesforcorrelationsbetweenthemtogiveusatenablepicture.Inaridandsemiaridregionsontheotherhandthesmallnumberoflakesandthegreatdistancesbetweenthemreducethepossibilitiesforcorrelation.Moreoversincelakelevelsarecontrolledbyratesofevaporationaswellasbyprecipitationtheinterpretationofsuchlevelsisambiguous.ForinstancethefactTheword-unveiled||inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.evaluateddecorateddesignedmadepublicFrontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefitsTheykeepclimatestable.Theyenhancetimberindustry.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.Theyareofvarioustypes.Thephrase-ontheedge||inParagraph5probablymeans.AsurroundedbyfrontierforestBnearfrontierforestCabouttolosetheirfrontierforestDunderpressureAccordingtothepassageroadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto.Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort-cutBexploitmoreforestlandCfinddirectionseasilyDprotectformerforestsPassage2Questions6——10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(2005年9月PETS3真题)Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelipopenedandremoved;thelidopenedandthepaperthatlakelevelsinthesemiaridsouthwesternUnitedStatesappeartohavebeenhigherduringthelasticeagethantheyarenowwasatonetimeattributedtoincreasedprecipitation.OnthebasisofsnowlineelevationshoweverithasbeenconcludedthattheclimatethenwasnotnecessarilywetterthanitisnowbutratherthatbothsummersandwinterswerecoolerresultinginreducedevaporationAnotherproblematicmethodistoreconstructformerclimatesonthebasisofpollenprofiles.Thetypeofvegetationinaspecificregionisdeterminedbyidentifyingandcountingthevariouspollengrainsfoundthere.Althoughtherelationshipbetweenvegetationandclimateisnotasdirectastherelationshipbetweenclimateandlakelevelsthemethodoftenworkswellinthetemperatezones.Inaridandsemiaridregionsinwhichthereisnotmuchvegetationhoweversmallchangesinoneorafewplanttypescanchangethepicturetraumaticallymakingaccuratecorrelationsbetweenneighboringareasdifficulttoobtain.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedifferencebetweenmarineandcontinentalsedimentationissupportedbyinformationinthepassageDataprovidedbydatingmarinesedimentationismoreconsistentwithresearchers7findingsinotherdisciplinesthanisdataprovidedbydatingcontinentalsedimentation.Itiseasiertoestimatetheageofalayerinasequenceofcontinentalsedimentationthanitistoestimatetheageofalayerinasequenceofmarinesedimentation.MarinesedimentationismuchlesswidespreadthancontinentalsedimentationMarinesedimentationismuchmorecontinuousthaniscontinentalsedimentation.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassageasawholeTheauthordescribesamethodfordeterminingpastclimaticconditionsandthenoffersspecificexamplesofsituationsinwhichithasbeenused.Theauthordiscussesthemethodofdatingmarineandcontinentalsequencesandthenexplainshowdatingismoredifficultwithlakelevelsthanwithpollenprofiles.Theauthordescribesthecommonrequirementsofmethodsfordeterminingpastclimaticconditionsandthendiscussesexamplesofsuchmethods.Theauthordescribesvariouswaysofchoosingamaterialfordeterminingpastclimaticconditionsandthendiscusseshowtwosuchmethodshaveyieldedcontradictorydata.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpaleoclimatologistshaveconcludedwhichofthefollowingonthebasisoftheirstudyofsnow-lineelevationsinthesouthwest6ernUnitedStatesThereisusuallymoreprecipitationduringaniceagebecauseofincreasedamountsofevaporationTherewaslessprecipitationduringthelasticeagethanthereistoday.LakelevelsinthesemiaridsouthwesternUnitedStateswerelowerduringthelasticeagethantheyaretoday.Thehighlakelevelsduringthelasticeagemayhavebeenaresultoflessevapo9rationratherthanmoreprecipitation.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostlikelytopicforaparagraphthatlogicallycontinuesthepassageThekindsofplantsnormallyfoundinaridregions.Theeffectofvariationinlakelevelsonpollendistribution.Thematerialbestsuitedtopreservingsignalofclimaticchanges.Athirdmethodfroinvestigatingpastclimaticconditions.theauthordiscusseslakelevelsinthesouthwesternUnitedStatesinordertoillustratethemechanicsoftherelationshipbetweenlakelevelevaporationandprecipitationprovideanexampleoftheuncertaintyinvolvedininterpretinglakelevels.ProvethattherearenotenoughancientlakeswithwhichtomakeaccuratecorrelationsExplaintheeffectsofincreasedratesofevaporationonlevelsofprecipitation.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatanenvironmentalsignalfoundingeologicalmaterialwouldnobeusefultopaleoclimatologistsifit.hadtobeinterpretedbymodernchemicalmeansreflectedachangeinclimateratherthanalong-termclimaticconditionwasincorporatedintoamaterialasthematerialwasformingalsoreflectedsubsequentenvironmentalchanges.AccordingtothepassagethematerialusedtodeterminepastclimaticconditionsmustbewidespreadforwhichofthefollowingreasonsI.Paleoclimatologistsneedtomakecomparisonsbetweenperiodsofgeologicalhistory.n.PaleoclimatologistsneedtocomparematerialsthathavesupportedawidevarietyofvegetationELPaleoclimatologistsneedtomakecomparisonswithdatacollectedinotherregions.IonlyHonlyIandHonlyIandHlonlyWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthestudyofpastclimatesinaridandsemiaridregionsItissometimesmoredifficulttodeterminepastclimaticconditionsinaridandsemiaridregionsthanintemperateregionsAlthoughinthepastmoreresearchhasbeendoneontemperateregionspaleoclimatologistshaverecentlyturnedtheirattentiontoaridandsemiaridregions.Althoughmoreinformationaboutpastclimatescanbegatheredinaridandsemiaridthanintemperateregionsdatingthisinformationismoredifficult.Itisdifficulttostudytheclimatichistoryofaridandsemiaridregionsbecausetheirclimateshavetendedtovarymorethanthoseoftemperateregions.PassageThreeQuestions16-22arebasedonthefollowingpassage:GMATWhilethereisnoblueprintfortransformingalargelygovernment-controlledeconomyintoafreeonetheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichstate-ownedindustriesaresoldtoprivatecompanies.By1979thetotalborrowingsandlossesofstate-ownedindustrieswererunningatabout£3billionayear.Bysellingmanyoftheseindustriesthegovernmenthasdecreasedtheseborrowingsandlossesgainedover£34billionfromthesalesandnowreceivestaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompanies.Alongwithadramaticallyimprovedoveralleconomythegovernmenthasbeenabletorepay
12.5percentofthenetnationaldebtoveratwo-yearperiod.Infactprivatizationhasnotonlyrescuedindividualindustriesandawholeeconomyheadedfordisasterbuthasalsoraisedthelevelofperformanceineveryarea.AtBritishAirwaysandBritishGaszforexampleproductivityperemployeehasrisenby20percent.AtassociatedBritishPortslabordisruptionscommoninthe1970sandearly1980shavenowvirtuallydisappeared.AtBritishTelecomthereisnolongerawaitinglist-astherealwayswasbeforeprivatization—tohaveatelephoneinstalled.Partofthisimprovedproductivityhascomeaboutbecausetheemployeesofprivatizedindustriesweregiventheopportunitytobuysharesintheirowncompanies.Theyrespondedenthusiasticallytotheofferofshares;atBritishAerospace89percentoftheeligibleworkforceboughtshares;atAssociatedBritishPorts90percent;andatBritishTelecom92percent.Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomethingtheythinkaboutitcareaboutitworktomakeitprosper.AttheNationalFreightConsortiumthenewemployee-ownersgrewsoconcernedabouttheircompany7sprofitsthatduringwagenegotiationstheyactuallypressedtheiruniontoloweritswagedemands.Someeconomistshavesuggestedthatgivingawayfreeshareswouldprovideaneededaccelerationoftheprivatizationprocess.YettheymissThomasPainespointthat-whatweobtaintoocheapweesteemtoolightly||Inorderforthefar-rangingbenefitsofindividualownershiptobeachievedbyownerscompaniesandcountriesemployeesandotherindividualsmustmaketheirowndecisionstobuyandtheymustcommitsomeoftheirownresourcestothechoice.AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingwerebenefitsofprivatizingstateownedindustriesintheUnitedKingdomEXCEPTPrivatizedindustriespaidtaxestothegovernmentThegovernmentgainedrevenuefromsellingstate-ownedindustriesThegovernmentrepaidsomeofitsnationaldebtProfitsfromindustriesthatwerestillstate-ownedincreasedAccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingresultedinincreasedproductivityincompaniesthathavebeenprivatizedAlargenumberofemployeeschosetopurchasesharesintheircompanies.Freeshareswerewidelydistributedtoindividualshareholders.Thegovernmentceasedtoregulatemajorindustries.Unionsconductedwagenegotiationsfroemployees.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsiderslabordisruptionstobeaninevitableprobleminaweaknationaleconomyapositivesignofemployeeconcernaboutacompanyapredictorofemployeereactionstoacompany7soffertosellsharestothemadeterrencetohighperformancelevelsinanindustry.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutemployeesbuyingsharesintheirwoncompaniesAtthreedifferentcompaniesapproximatelynineouttenoftheworkerswereeligibletobuysharesintheircompanies.Approximately90%oftheeligibleworkersatthreedifferentcompanieschosetobuysharesintheircompanies.Theopportunitytobuyshareswasdiscouragedbyatleastsomelaborunions.Companiesthatdemonstratedthehighestproductivitywerethefirsttoallowtheiremployeestheopportunitytobuyshares.WhichofthefollowingstatementsismostconsistentwiththeprincipledescribedinL25-26Ademocraticgovernmentthatdecidesitisinappropriatetoownaparticularindustryhasinnowayabdicateditsresponsibilitiesasguardianofthepublicinterest.Theidealwayforagovernmenttoprotectemployeeinterestsistoforcecompaniestomaintaintheirshareofacompetitivemarketwithoutgovernmentsubsidies.Thefailuretoharnessthepowerofself-interestisanimportantreasonthatstate-ownedindustriesperformpoorlyGovernmentsthatwanttoimplementprivatizationprogramsmusttrytoeliminateallresistancetothefree-marketsystem.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheprivatizationprocessintheUnitedKingdomItdependstoapotentiallydangerousdegreeonindividualownershipofshares.ItconformsinitsmostgeneraloutlinestoThomasPaine7sprescriptionforbusinessownership.Itwasoriginallyconceivedtoincludesomegivingawayoffreeshares.Itistakingplacemoreslowlythansomeeconomistssuggestisnecessary.ThequotationinL32-33ismostprobablyusedto.counterapositionthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesisincorrect.Stateasolutiontoaproblemdescribedintheprevioussentence.Showhowopponentsoftheviewpointoftheauthorofthepassagehavesupportedtheirarguments.pointoutaparadoxcontainedinacontroversialviewpoint.PassageFourQuestions23-30arebasedonthefollowingpassageGMATHistoriansofwomen7slaborintheUnitedStatesatfirstlargelydisregardedthestoryoffemaleserviceworkers-womenearningwagesinoccupationssuchassalesclerkdomesticservantandofficesecretary.Thesehistoriansfocusedinsteadonfactoryworkprimarilybecauseitseemedsodifferentfromtraditionalunpaid-women7swork||inthehomeandbecausetheunderlyingeconomicforcesofindustrialismwerepresumedtobegender-blindandhenceemancipationineffect.Unfortunatelyemancipationhasbeenlessprofoundthanexpectedfornotevenindustrialwagelaborhasescapedcontinuedsexsegregationintheworkplace.Toexplainthisunfinishedrevolutioninthestatusofwomenhistorianshaverecentlybeguntoemphasizethewayaprevailingdefinitionoffemininityoftendeterminesthekindsofworkallocatedtowomenevenwhensuchallocationisinappropriatetonewconditions.Forinstanceearlytextile-millentrepreneursinjustifyingwomensemploymentinwagelabormademuchoftheassumptionthatwomenwerebynatureskillfulatdetailedtasksandpatientincarryingoutrepetitivechores;themillownersthusimportedintothenewindustrialorderhoarystereotypesassociatedwiththehomemakingactivitiestheypresumedtohavebeenthepurviewofwomen.Becausewomenacceptedthemoreunattractivenewindustrialtasksmorereadilythandidmensuchjobscametoberegardedasfemalejobs.Andemployerswhoassumedthatwomen7s-real||aspirationswereformarriageandfamilylifedeclinedtopaywomenwagescommensuratewiththoseofmen.Thusmanylower-skilledlower-paidlesssecurejobscametobeperceivedas—female.||Moreremarkablethantheoriginhasbeenthepersistenceofsuchsexsegregationintwentieth-centuryindustry.Onceanoccupationcametobeperceivedas-female||zemployersshowedsurprisinglylittleinterestinchangingthatperceptionevenwhenhigherprofitsbeckoned.AnddespitetheurgentneedoftheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartomobilizeitshumanresourcesfullyjobsegregationbysexcharacterizedevenhemostimportantwarindustries.Moreoveroncethewarendedemployersquicklyreturnedtomenmostofthe-male||jobsthatwomenhadbeenpermittedtomaster.AccordingtothepassagejobsegregationbysexintheUnitedStateswas.greatlydiminiatedbylabormobilizationduringtheSecondWorldWar.perpetuatedbythosetextile-millownerswhoarguedinfavorofwomen7semploymentinwagelaboronemeansbywhichwomenachievedgreaterjobsecurityreluctantlychallengedbyemployersexceptwhentheeconomicadvantageswereobviousAccordingtothepassagehistoriansofwomen7slaborfocusedonfactoryworkasamorepromisingareaofresearchthanservice-sectorworkbecausefactoryworkinvolvedthepaymentofhigherwagesrequiredskillindetailedtaskswasassumedtobelesscharacterizedbysexsegregationwasmorereadilyacceptedbywomenthanbymenItcanbeinferredfromthepassagetheearlyhistoriansofwomenzslaborintheUnitedStatespaidlittleattentiontowomensemploymentintheservicesectoroftheeconomybecausefewerwomenfoundemploymentintheservicesectorthaninfactoryworkthewagespaidtoworkersintheservicesectorweremuchmoreshort-termthaninfactoryworkwomen7semploymentintheservicesectortendedtobemuchmoreshort-termthaninfactoryworkemploymentintheservicesectorseemedtohavemuchincommonwiththeunpaidworkassociatedwithhomemakingThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheearlymillownersmentionedinthesecondparagraphTheyhopedthatbycreatingrelativelyunattractive-female||jobstheywoulddiscouragewomenfromlosinginterestinmarriageandfamilylife.Theysoughttoincreasethesizeoftheavailablelaborforceasameanstokeepmenswageslow.TheyarguedthatwomenwereinherentlysuitedtodowellinparticularkindsoffactoryworkTheyfeltguiltyaboutdisturbingthetraditionaldivisionoflaborinfamily..ltcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe-unfinishedrevolution||theauthormentionsinLilreferstotheentryofwomenintotheindustriallabormarketDevelopmentofanewdefinitionoffemininityunrelatedtotheeconomicforcesofindustrialismremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachdaybutverylittleissalvaged.Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.RecyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairiesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishIntroductionofequalpayforequalworkinallprofessionsD.Emancipationofwomenwageearnersfromgender-determinedjoballocationThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthiringpoliciesintheUnitedStatesAfteracrisismanyformerly-male|[jobsarereclassifiedas-female||jobs.IndustrialemployersgenerallyprefertohirewomenwithpreviousexperienceashomemakersPost-SecondWorldWarhiringpoliciescausedwomentolosemanyoftheirwartimegainsinemploymentopportunity.EvenwarindustriesduringtheSecondWorldWarwerereluctanttohirewomenforfactorywork.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestexpressestheopinionoftheauthorofthepassageconcerningthenotionthatwomenaremoreskillfulthanmenincarryingoutdetailstasks—patient”Iinel7—repetitiveIinel8-hoary||Iinel9homemaking||Iinel9WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipofthefinalparagraphtothepassageasawholeThecentralideaisreinforcedbythecitationofevidencedrawnfromtwentieth-centuryhistory.ThecentralideaisrestatedinsuchawayastoformatransitiontoanewtopicfordiscussionThecentralideaisrestatedandjuxtaposedwithevidencethatmightappeartocontradictitApartialexceptiontothegeneralizationsofthecentralideaisdismissedunimportantPassageFiveQuestions31-36arebasedonthefollowingpassage:GMATTwomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen7semancipationinWesternsocieties.Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe-relational||feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof-equalityindifference||zorequityasdistinctforequality.Theypositthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen7sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcelebrateswomen7squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-westernfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEngland-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen7sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers;theydemandedspecialtreatmentincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkers.State-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework.Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfail:becausetheyunderlinewomen7sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomensautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge.Theauthorofthepassagealludestothewell-establishednatureoftheconceptofindividualrightsdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction.Thesentence-Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries||meansthat.AnotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuriesBmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproductsCitisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisusedDthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessaryThelocalauthoritiesare.AtheTownCouncilBthepoliceCthepapermanufacturersDthemostinfluentialcitizensIfpaperistoberecycled.AmoreforestswillhavetobeplantedBtheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestrictedCpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbishDthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper
9.Britishdairiesare.AproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweekBgivinguptheuseofglassbottlesCincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottlesDreusingtheiroldglassbottlesTheenvironmentaliststhinkthat.AmoreplasticpackagingshouldbeusedBplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackagingCtoomuchplasticiswastedDshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainersPassage3Questionsll18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(找到了出处)Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:washingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpetsHeisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood.Heisreluctanttowalk.StatisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshortAstherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby-landvalue||.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse||becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe-verticalgrowthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.ParadoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatenoreofitPartialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetownifitisnotcombinedwithremodelingofthetownstransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland.Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhavetoradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensitiesofpopulationwehavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum-psychologicalelbowroom||.Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively.Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis-IM||oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument.The-man-educated||manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations.Themainconcernofthispassageiswith.AcitycultureBlandvalueincitiesCcitycongestionDdecentralization
2.ltcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleinoldtimes.ApaidmoreattentiontomaterialbenefitsBhadastrongersenseofbeautyCweremoredesirousaboutthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyDenjoyedmorefreedomanddemocracy.Thehighly-developedtechnologyhasmademan.AincreasinglyindustriousBfreefrominconvenienceCexcessivelydependentonexternalaidsDabletosavehisphysicalstrengthThedrasticincreaseoflandvalueinthecity.AisthegoodresultofeconomicdevelopmentBoffersmoreopportunitiestolanddealersCisannoyinglyartificialandmeaninglessDfortunatelyleadstothe-vertical||growthofcities.Theexpansionofbigcitiestothedistantsuburbanareasmay.AsolvetheproblemofcitycongestionBresultintheremodelingofthetownstransportationsystemCbringthesamecongestiontothesuburbanareasDneedlessinvestmentonlandthemainpurposeoftheauthoristoApointoutaproblemandcriticizeitBadvocatethatallcitiesneedtobere-plannedandremodeledCpointoutthesignificanceofsolvingtheproblemDcriticizeaproblemandtrytofindasolutiontoittheauthorsuggeststhattheremodelingofcitiesmust.AputprioritytothebenefitofthefuturegenerationsBbefocusedonpeopleratherthanoneconomy.CbeeconomicallyprofitabletolandownersDresorttoscientificmethodswhowillprobablyliketoreadarticlesofthiskind/AbusinessmenBeconomistsCurbanpeopleDruralpeoplePassage4。