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Forkliftstabilityandothertechnicalsafetyissues叉车稳定性及其他安全问题Thestabilityofforkliftshasimpactsonsafetyinrespectof:叉车稳定性会以下的安全问题Thelikelihoodofforwardtipover-thatisztheforklifttiltingforward;前向翻车的可能性-是指叉车前倾的情形Thelikelihoodofsidetipover-thatis^heforklifttiltingtoeithersidejand侧向翻车的可能性-是指叉车向一侧翻车Themaximumlevelsofbrakingthatcanbeappliedforanyloadingsituationandhencethestoppingdistanee-toohighalevelofbrakingwillinitiateforwardtipover;and在任何条件下的最大的刹车力度,比如载货条件或者高位提升等都可能前向翻车Themaximumlevelsofrearwardacceleration-toohighalevelwillalsoinitiateforwardtipover.在任何条件下后向极大的加速度或者高位操作可能导致前向侧翻AS/NZS1425:1999LPGasfuelsystemsforvehicleengines车辆液油系统AS/NZS1596:2002ThestorageandhandlingofLPGas存储液化天然气AS2402-1994Tractionbatteries-Leaacid铅酸动力电池AS
2548.1-1998atterychargersforlead-acidtractionbatteriesForbatterypoweredforklifts电动叉车-Batterychargersforventedcells动力电池充电器AS1763-1985Industrialtrucks-Glossaryofterms工业车辆名词术语AS2359-1995PoweredindustriPrincipalAustraliaaltrucks一动力工业车辆nstandardforforkliftPart1:GeneralRequirements.Part2:Operation.Part3:Counterbalancedforklifttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part4:Reachandstraddleforklifttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part5:Cods澳大利亚叉车ntrolsymbols.Part6:SafetyCod标准e.Part7:Terminology.Part8:Palletstackersandhigh-liftplatformtrucks-Stabilitytests.Part9:High-liftridertrucks-Overheadguards.Part10:Forklifttrucks-Hookontypeforkarms-Vocabulary.Part11:Forklifttrucks-Hookontypeforkarms-DimensionsPartl2:HazardousareasAS3713-1989Acoustics-lndustrialtrucks-Noisemeasurement叉车遭遇AS4972lnt-2001Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersfor6m20ftlengthandabove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱AS4973-2001Industrialtrucks-Inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks检查和维修叉车叉齿ISO1074:1991Counterbalancedfork-lifttrucks;stabilitytests平衡重叉车稳定性测试ISO2328:1993Fork-lifttrucks;hook-ontypeforkarmsandforkarmcarriages;mountingdimensions叉车连接型货叉ISO2330:2002Fork-lifttrucks-Forkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsandtesting货叉技术特征和测试ISO2331:1974Fork-lifttrucks-Hookontypeforkarms-Vocabulary连接型货叉词汇ISO3184:199Reachandstraddlefork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests前移式和跨腿式叉车稳定性测BasedonISO5057:1993EquivalenttoAS2359Pt3:1995EquivalenttoAS2359Pt11:1995EquivalenttoAS2359Pt10:1995EquivalenttoAS2359Pt4:1995ISO5057:1993Industrialtrucks;inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks叉车检查和维修ISO5766:1990PalletstackersEquivalenttoASandhighliftplatformtrucks.S2359Pt8:1995tabilitytests托盘堆高机和升降台稳定性测试ISO5767:1992Industrialtrucksoperatinginspecialconditionofstackingwithmasttiltedforward;additionalstabilitytest叉车高位前倾ISO6292:1996Poweredindustrialtrucksandtractors-Brakeperformanceandcomponentstrength动力叉车和拖车的刹车ISO10525:1997Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6m20ftlengthandabove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱ISO10658:1996Industrialtrucksoperatinginspecialconditionsofstackingwithloadlaterallydisplacedbypowereddevices-Additionalstabilitytest叉车堆垛和直接摆放ISO13284:2003Fork-lifttrucks-Fork-armextensionsandtelescopicforkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsandstrengthrequirements货叉延长套ISO13562:2000Industrialvariable-reachtrucks-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part2:Additionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6mlengthandabove.ISO13563-1:2001SinglesideloadCoveredinASingfork-lifttrucks2359Pt1:198-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part2:A5:AppendixA5dditionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6mIengthandabove单面载货ISO15794:2001Bi-directionalandmulti-directionalfork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests双向和多向叉车
8.Australianandinternationalstandards-forkliftstabilitytests关于叉车稳定性测试的澳大利亚和国际标准TherequiredteststodeterminethemaximumratedcapacityofforkliftsareincludedinAS2359anditspartszandinAS4972Int.ForotherstylesofforklifttrucksISO13563orlSOI5794may叩ply要标识额度载荷能力测试的标准是AS2359和AS4972其他类型的叉车标准有IS013563和IS015794Ingeneralzforeveryforkliftstyletherearefourstabilitytestsplusothersasappropriateforthestyleofforklift.总的来说,每种型号的叉车都有自己的稳定性测试,还有其他相关需要的关于该型号叉车的测试Australianandinternationalstandards-counterbalanceforkliftstabilitytests澳大利亚和国际标准-平衡重叉车Forcounterbalanceforkliftstherearefourtests:关于平衡重叉车有四个测试项目Stacking-withthemastverticalandforksatmaximumheightthemaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformto:堆高-门架垂直提升至最大高度,最高处的载荷能力由前倾至最大时的能力来决定•□□□□□□Aslopeof4%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and在4度的斜坡测试最大至4999kg的载荷能力•□□□□□□Aslopeof
3.5%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kg在
3.5度的斜坡测试至5000-50000kg载荷能力Travelling-withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforksloweredthemaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformtoaslopeofl8%行驶-门架前倾到底和货叉降落,最大载荷能力由18度的坡道行驶的载荷能力来决定Stacking-withthemastatfu11rearwardtiltandforksatmaximumheightthemaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedsidewardsonaplatformtoaslopeof6%堆高-门架后仰到底和货叉在最高处,最大的载荷能力由6度的斜坡上载荷能力来决定TravellingwiththemastatfullrearwardtiItandforksloweredztheforkliftistiltedsidewaysonaplatformto•□□□□□□□aslopeofupto40%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and•□□□□□□□Aslopeof50%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kgdependingontheforkliftcapacityandmaximumspeed行驶-门架完全后仰和货叉降落,叉车在侧面倾斜的平台上剩余40%的额定载荷能力-4999kg以下的叉车剩余50%的额定载荷能力-5000-5000kg的叉车Testsland2primarilydetermineforwardtipoverstabilitytest3determinessicletipoverstabilitywhenloadeclandtest4determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenempty.测试1和测试2初步确定前向稳定性,测试3决定侧面稳定性和测试4决定空载的侧向稳定性平衡重叉车ThisreportandtheassociatedMonashllniversityAccidentResearchCentreproducedQ\j\6eboo^AGuidebookoflndustrialTrafficManagementF坟)focusoncounterbalanceforkliftsofthestyleshownbelow5astheyarethemostcommonstyleusedinVictoria本报告机Monsah大学事故研究中心制作了一个关于平衡重叉车的指导手册(工业车辆管理及叉车安全手册)Theseforkliftsgenerallyhave:这些叉车具有以下要素•□□□□□□Thebodywithitscounterbalanceandcagerigidlyattachedtothefrontordriveaxle;车身具有配重块和一个结实的货叉架在叉车前轮轴上•□□□□□□Themastpivotedatornearthefrontaxle;门架可以在前轮轴上或接近轮轴的位置摆动•□□□□□□□Thesteeraxlepivotedaboutitscentresothatthesteertyresremainincontactwiththegroundwheretherearesmallvariationsintheleveloftheoperatingsurface;and转向轴在中心位置转动,这样转向轮就可以保持和地面的接触,即使地面有些小的不平整•□□□□□□□Brakesfittedtothefrontdriveaxleonly.只有前轮有制动•□□□□□□□Fortheonebodyjorkliftscanbefittedwith:同一类的车身可以配置•□□□□□□□Differentmaststosuitvariousliftheights.Theserangefroml500to7500mm.Thenumberofmaststagescanvarydependingonavailableheadroom.不同高度的门架这些范围从1500-7500mm门架梯级依据屋顶高度•□□□□□□Differentwheelsandtyressolidzpneumaticshapedcushionorpneumatictyres;不同轮毂及轮胎-实心胎、充气胎及充气弹性胎等•□□□□□□Arangeofforktynessuitedtotheforkliftoperationzwithorwithoutsideshift;and不同货叉类型来适配不同工况,是否具有侧移器及•□□□□□□Otherspecialistattachments.其他特别专用属具Stabilitytriangle稳定三角形Therearethreewaysacounterbalanceforkliftcantipoverforwardsorsideways:有三种可能性导致平衡重叉车侧翻或前翻Itcantipforwardwiththecontactpointsofthedriveaxletyresandthegroundactingasthepivot;它前翻的原因可能是接触点的轮胎和地面原地打转Itcantipsidewaystotheleftwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughthelefthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle;or它左侧翻的原因可能一个左前轮打转和后转向大幅摆动Itcantipsidewaystotherightwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughtherighthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle.它右侧翻的原因可能一个右前轮子打转和后转向大幅摆动Thesethreelinescombineddefinethestabilitytriangleasshowninthediagram.有三条线来定义了稳定三角形Notethattherearsteeraxlehasalimittoitstravelarounditspivotpointsothatatsoinepointsidetipoverchangestopivotaboutthetwolefthandortworighthandtyres.Atthisstagetheforkliftsometimesstopstippingoverandfallsbackonitswheels.Mostlyhowevertipovercontinues.请注意转向轮轴需要到极限,这样的话侧翻可能会改变在这个条件下侧翻可能会停止和回到承载轮平衡大部分情况下还是会继续侧翻Centreofmass重心Anyphysicalobjecthasapointlocatedinthreedimensionswhereitactsasthoughallitsmassislocated.Thisisknownasitscentreofmass.许多物体在三维上都有重心Itisapointaboutwhichtheforkliftwouldbalanceifplacedontopofapointedsupport.许多情况下叉车获得平衡,只要这个点上给与支持Whentheforkliftisstationaryztheonlyforceactingonthispointistheforceofgravityverticallydown.Forastationaryforkliftprovidedthiscentreofmassiswithinthestabilitytriangletheforkliftwi11neithertipforwardsorsideways.当平稳行驶的时候,只有一个作用力就是重力,那就可以保证重心在稳定三角形内Whenweplaceanincreasingloadontheforktyneszthecentreofmassoftheforkliftandloadcombinedmovesforwardtowardsthefrontaxle当我们增加重量在货叉上,载荷中心就会前移Ifsufficientloadisaddedtheforkliftwillreachapointwhereittipsforward.Thisgenerallyoccursifanoperatortriestoliftaloadthatismuchtooheavyfortheforkliftandthesteeraxleliftsofftheground.当货物足够重时,中心点临界后,就会前翻基本上会出现在司机想要超载或者转向轮离地Dynamicforcescentreofmassandstability活动受力,重心及稳定性Whenaforklifttravelsonaslopeorwhenaforkliftistravellingaroundacorneratsomespeedorwhenaforkliftbrakesoracceleratesjorcesaredevelopedthatactontheforkliftsidewaysortothefrontorrear.当叉车行驶在斜坡或在拐弯的时候,当叉车刹车和加速的时候,受力会作用在叉车侧面或前后Ifthesumofalltheforcesactingonthecentreofmassactsuchthattheypassoutsidethestabilitytrianglethentheforklifteithertipsforwardsofsideways.当所有受力作用在重心,导致它们偏出稳定三角形,就会导致侧翻或前翻Tipoversidewaysversustipoverforwards侧翻与前翻Asnotedaboveaddingloadtothetynesmakesthecentreofmassoftheforkliftandtynescombinedmoveforwardclosertotheforwardtipoveraxisofthestabilitytriangle.Theforkliftbecomesprogressivelylessstableinrespectofforwardtipover.如上面所述,增加载荷至叉车重心,以及货叉接近前向轴心,会导致重心前移至侧翻的稳定三角形轴线叉车会渐渐变得不稳定,从而导致前向侧翻Howeverthecentreofmassatthesametimeismovingawayfromthetwoothertippingaxis.SotheForkli代becomesmorestableinrespectoftippingsideways.无论如何叉车的重心会远离稳定轴线,这样叉车就能保持更稳定Henceforkliftsaremuchmorelikelytotipsidewayswhenempty-75%oftheseincidentsoccurwhentheforkliftisempty.所以叉车在空载的时候更容易侧翻-75%的事故发生在空车的时候Andtheyaremorelikelytotipforwardwhenloaded.而载货后更容易发生前翻Stabilityandraisedloads稳定性与举升的载荷Raisingtheloadreducesstabilityinalltipoverdirectionsasthesizeofsidefrontorrearforcesrequiredtocauseforwardorsideortipoverarereduced.举升载荷后会降低稳定性,导致不同方向的侧翻Australianandinternationalstandardsforforkliftstabilityorsafety澳大利亚和国际关于叉车稳定性和安全的标准Alistofthesestandardsisshownbelow.NotethatinadditionJapan^majorsupplierofforklifts^asitsownstandards.一些列的标准显示如下请注意在日本主要的叉车供应商有其自身的标准AndthereareotherstandardsthataIsoimpactonforkliftsafetyincludingstandardsforpalletsandcontainers.还有其他的标准同样会影响叉车额安全,包括托盘和集装箱ISO15870:2000Poweredindustrialtrucks-Safetysignsandhazardpictorials-Generalprinciples动力叉车的安全标识ISO15871:2000Industrialtrucks-Specificationsforindicatorlightsforcontainerhandlingandgrapplerarmoperations叉车灯光STANDARD标准COMMENT说明。