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定语从句A、TheAttributiveClause(介词preposition.关系代词relativepronoun.关系副词relativeadverb)定语从句在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面,定语从句可以由关系代词that、which、who(宾格whom、所有格whose)和关系副词where、when、why引导;关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语,关系副词在定语从句中作状语,它们在复合句中起连接主从句的作用
一、关系词的选用
1、当先行词是人时,用关系代词who、whom、that引导定语从句,如Theforeignerwho/thatvisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.(作从句主语不能省略)Theperson(who/whom/that)youjusttalkedtoisMr.Green.(作从句宾语,可以省略)
2、当先行词是物时,用关系代词which、that引导定语从句,如Theyplantedthetreeswhich/thatdidntneedmuchwater.(作从句主语,不能省略)一Thefish(which/that)weboughtwerenotfresh.(作从句宾语,可以省略)
3、当从句主语与先行词(可以是人也可以是物)存在从属关系时,用关系代词whoseIknowtheboywhosearticleisverygood.Iliveinahousewhosewindowsfacethesouth.
4、当先行词是时间时用关系副词when(=atthattime)来引导IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.
5、当先行词是地点时用关系副词where(二atthatplace)来引导Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.
6、当先行词为reason时用关系副词why来引导如Hecouldntgivetheteacheragoodreasonwhyhewaslateforschool.
7、先行词为地点、时间时,选用关系代词或关系副词,要看它在从句中作何种成分,如ThisisthehousewhereIlived(vi.不及物动词)lastyear.(在从句中作状蕾厂Thisisthehousewhichwasbuilt(vt.及物动词)lastyear.(在从句中作主前Nowitisautumnwhenweheldasportsmeet.(作状语)Nowitisautumnwhichisthethirdseasonoftheyear(which在定语从句中作主语应该使用关系代词which或that)
二、介词的提前如果定语从句中谓语动词是不及物动词,它所接的介词可以放在从句中相关动词的后面,也可以把它提到关系代词的前面,止匕时,先行词为人时介词后面用关系代词whom先行词为物时,介词后用关系代词which即介词+关系代词(是人时用whom是物时用which)Iknowtheman(who/whom/that)Jimistalkingto.=IknowthemantowhomJimistalking.Thisistheroom(which/that)Iusedtolivein.=ThisistheroominwhichIusedtolive.
三、介词的确定介词+关系代词(whom、which)〃中的介词主要有以下三种确定方法
1、根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来选用介词ThemantowhomIspokeismyteacher(speakto)ThewestlakezforwhichHangzhouisfamousisabeautifulplace.(befamousfor)
2、根据先行词来确定介词Ineverforgotthedaysdurigwhichwelivedandworkedtogether(duringthedays)
3、根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定介词Airwithoutwhichmancantliveisreallyimportant.但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍用在动词的后面,如takecareof、lookfor、lookafter等
四、关系代词不能用that的情况
1、介词+关系代词时,不能用thatThisistheroominwhich(不能用that)LuXunlived.
2、非限制性定语从句Hehasadaughterwho(不能用that)worksinahospital.
3、先行词是that时,为了避免重复,不用thatTheclockisthatwhich(不能用that)tellsthetime.
五、关系代词宜用that而不用which的情况
1、定语从句的先行词同时有人又有物时,如Theytalkaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberintheolddays.
2、先行词是theone、all、much、little、few、none、everything、anything、nothing等不定代词时,如IsthereanythingelsethatIcandoforyouImeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.
3、先行词是数词时,如Lookattheseflowers.Youcanseethetwothatyougaveme.
4、先行词被序数词(含last)或形容词最高级修饰时,如ThisisthelastlessonthatMr.Greentaughtus.Itisthemostimportanttaskthatshouldbefinishedsoon.
5、先行词被all、no、only、oneof、some、any、few、little、much、very等修饰时如Ihavereadallthebooksthatyoulentme.
6、先行词在主句中作表语或关系代词在从句中作表语,该关系代词要用that而不用which如Itisabookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhometownisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.
7、先行词是who、which开头时,为了避免重复,如WhoisthemanthatshookhandswithyoujustnowWhichisthebookthatyouwanttoborrowfromme.
六、以as引导的定语从句
1、引导限制性定语从句,用于such…as…;thesame…as…;asmany/much…as…结构中Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseless.Asmanymembersaswerepresentagreedtotheplan.Ilovesuchpeopleasloveme.
2、引导限制性定语从句,as=which/thatis如EnglishasspokeninAustraliaisslightly(轻微的)differentfromBritishEnglish.
3、引导非限制性定语从句,说明整个主句;从句的位置可以在主句前、主句中或主句后,常用逗号与主句隔开(which引导非限制性定语从句不能放于句首)Asisoftenthecase(情况)Marywaslateforschool.Asweallknowlighttravelsmuchfasterthansoundintheair.以but引导的定语从句but=who…not…或that…not…,如Thereisnomanbutwouldbesurprisedatthenews.=Thereisnomanthatwouldntbesurprisedatthenews.Thereisnoonebutwishespeace.=Thereisnoonethatdoesntwishpeace.
八、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义主从句一般不用逗号隔开,如Heisamanwhocanhelpme.Howdoyouapologisetoyourfriendwhosebikeyoulost2非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作些附加说明,如果去掉主句的意思仍然很清楚,主从句一般用逗号隔开,如LiLeiwhosefatherisaworkerismybestfriend.LijiangwhereIwasbornisverybeautiful.
九、补充说明材料:
1、系表结构=连系动词+表语(即连系动词后面的成分adj.或n.或介词短语等)
2、连系动词A、be动词(am、is、are)表达是的意思时如Heisastudent.B、感官动词(look、seem、taste、smell、feel等),如Ifeelcold.c、表示变化的词(get、turn、becomego等),如Hebecameourmonitorlastterm.D、表示状态的词(keep、stay、remain等),如:ForalongtimethelanguageinAmericastayedthesame.
十、关系副词二介词+关系代词Thisistheroomwhereshedidherhomework.=Thisistheroominwhichshedidherhomework.1958wastheyearwhenSpielbergmadehisfirstrealfilm.=1958wastheyearinwhichSpielbergmadehisfirstrealfilm.。