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句子成分导学案▲预备知识点根据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用,把英语单词分为10人类别概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语、状语和同位语主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分▲句子成分分类.主语Subject⑴一般位于句子开头是句子的陈述对象,如OurPartyisthehighestforceforpoliticalleadership.Wemustbeastenaciousasbamboo.Siren史theni/iReducationisfundamentaltoourpursuitofnationalrejuvenation.willbeourmonilorhasntbeendecidedyet.Tbseeistobelieve.由归纳主语通常由名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式充当
(2)形式主语与真正主语(FoimalSubjectandRealSubject)主语是不定式短语•、动名词短语或分句时,常会放在句尾用il代替它原来的位置,这个it称为虺式主语放在句尾的原主语为真实主语如Ilisveryhardtogettosleep.(不定式是真实主语也是形式主语)Itsapitythatyoucantcome.(从句是真实主语it是形式主语)
(3)形式主语的常用句型
①Itis+v.-ed+thatItissaidthat..据说;Itisreportedthal…据力i道;Ilisestimatedthat…据估计….;Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须承认;Itshouldberealizedthat.…应该意识至lj;ItisagreedIhat..次家一致认为;ItcannotbedeniedIhat…不能否认;Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...亳不夸张的说.…
②Itis+adj.+thatItisclcar/ccrtain/natural/nccessarythat....是很明显/很肯定的/很自然/很有必要的汉译英俗话说熟能生巧Itssaidihatpraclicemakesperfecl.人们普遍认为,社会得益于其成员的工作ItisgeneraHyagreedthatsocietybenefitsfromtheworkofitsmembers..宾语Object1宾语是行为动作的对象一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语,如WewillunitetheChinesedbodIcofallclhnicRroius.Iappreciatebein殳wiventhis片〃〃〃v.Ilikelokeepeveryfhi收iid[2:【专四真题1】InHowmuchdoyouthinkheearns“howmuchisCofthesentence.A.thesubjectB.theadverbialC.theobjectD.thecomplement解析howmuchdoesheearn换成陈述句为:heearnhowmuch主语he,谓语earn宾语howmuch\72直接宾语与间接宾语DirectObjectandIndirectObject英语中的授予动词DativeVerb有“给予”“告知”“拒绝”等类似意义的动词要求接双宾,即直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语指所给予或告知的“事物”,间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的“人”间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后,但前面须加介词I或forHewarnedusthattheroadswereicy.us为间接宾语,ihaltheroadswereicy为直接宾语Onthebusheoftengiveshisseattoanoldperson.Oldperson为间接宾语.hisseat为直接宾语3形式宾语与真实宾语FormalObjectandRealObject作宾语用的短语或从句之后接有宾语补语时必须将用作宾语的短语或从句放在补语之后,用il代替它原来的位置;这个it称为形式宾语放在补语之后的宾语为真实宾语如Ithinkitwrongtowastetim已towastetime是真实宾语宾语.it是形式宾语4补充带有形式宾语的常用句型,并套用其中一两个句型做汉译英句子翻译][3:主语+v.+il+adj./n.for/ofsb.lodo/doingsb.thinkitdifficultforsb.todo•主语+v.+it+adj.+that+...should+动词原形sb.thinkitimportantthatsb.shoulddo•固定搭配takeitforgrantedthatkeepitinmindthat汉译英他的英语说得那么好,我们想当然的认为他是一个英国人]IloveWebelieve〃心/heishonest.所归纳充当宾语的可以是名词、动名词、不定式、代词、从句HespokeEnglishsowellthalItookitforgrantedthalhewasanEnglishman.你一定要记住,你是一个学生,应该遵守学校的规定Youmustkeepitinmindthatyouareastudentandshouldfollowtherulesoftheschool..谓语Predicate谓语是句子必要的成分之一,用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”谓语由动翅的各种形式来充当,系动词加表语可以构成谓语简单谓语由实义动词或系表结构构成,复合谓语由助动词或情态动词+实义动词构成谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致练习请划出下列句子的谓语TheChinesepeopleenjoyhappiersaferandhealthierlives.Thetheatrefilleduprapidly.ShestremblingalIover.TheSungivesheatandlightHeissinginganEnglishsong..表语Predicative位置上,表语总是位于系动词之后与之一起构成句子的谓语意义上,表语通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态如Itremainedacomplele〃2vs/”v.Thedishsmells^ood.IsHeleninTheballisunderthedesk.Myauntshobbyiskroses.Yourjobisiotakecareof〔hebabyMyopinionisihaitheplcmwontwork.金归纳名皿、形容词、介词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、丛包可充当表语练习请划出下列句子的表语Youshouldkeephealthy.1amveryhappy.Lifeisachainofmomenlsofenjoymenl.Feedingthebirdsismyhobby.Theyseemtobehungry..补语Complement补语是起补充说明作用的成分用以弥补主语或宾语意义之不足补语可分为主语补语SubjeciComplement和宾语补语ObjectComplement0如WemakeTommonitor.Ifoundeverythingingoodcondition.Hisrudenessprovokedmeloslrikehim.IhearhimsOirErintheroom.Hehadhishaircutyesterday.Wethinkitimportanttotakepartinmoreactivities.所归纳名旦、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、形容词可充当补语练习请划出以下句子中的补语Ifoundthehomeworkdifficult.IaskstudentsColearndancing.SheheardJeansingingTheyfoundthemanhonesl.TheteacherwantsusalltobecomegoodDuuik..定语Attributive定语用来修饰名词或代词定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语如Theblackbikeismine.WhatsyournameTheymadesomepaperflowers.TheboysintheroomareinClassThreeGradeOne.Ihavelotstoeatanddrink.TheboywhoissiandinzthereisPeter.Thegirldressedinredisverybeautiful.ThemansiltEeihcdeskisimpolite.的归纳形容词、物主代词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句、分词短语可充当定语在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语▲修饰丕定代调的定语必须后置如Ifyoudontknowtheanswerasksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme▲介词短语作定语时要后置如DoyouknowtheboybehindthefreeIthinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.▲不定式作定语时要后置如Whataboutsomethingtodrink练习请划出以下句子中的定语Tomisahandsomeboy.TheboyinblueisTom.TheboytowritethisletterisTom.Itisaballpen.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou..状语Adverbial状语用来修饰动翅、形容词或副词它表示行为发生的吐回、地点、旦的、原因、结果等状语一般放在句尾但有时也可以放在句首、句中如Hediditcareful2Theymissedmeverymuch.WiihoiUhishelpwecouldnUworkitout.lbcatchudwithmvclassmalesImuststudyhard./卬asyo〃馋Icouldswimwell.匠归纳副阿、介词短语、不定式、从句可充当状语练习请划出以下句子中的状语Isawhimyeslerday.Hecanplaytheguitarwell.Itisraininghard.Ifitrainstomorrowwewillstayathome.Iliketogotoschoolbybus..同位语Appositive当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置其中一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成说明、解释作用的成分时,起说明、解释作用的成分就叫做另一成分的同位语同位语一般紧跟在其所说明的名词之后如Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.Thenewsthatwe卬〃the2amemadeusexcited.所归纳名坦、代回、从句可充当同位语【专四真题2】AllthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPTB.A.Onlyoneproblemstillremains-thefood.B.Sheboughtherselfapairofnewshoes.C.Myfriendsallunderstandandsupportme.D.ShelikedhercurrentjobteachingEnglish.解析A项中thefood是problem的同位语C项all为主语myfriends的同位语;D项逗号后的teaching是主语的同位语只有B项没有同位语词类英语缩写名称作用例词名词n.表示人或事物的名称mandogtreebook代词pron.代替名词或数词youthatsome数词num.表〃、数量或顺序onetwo.first副词adv.修饰动词,形容词或其他副词veryquicklyoften形容词adj.修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征niceyounggreat动词V.表动作或状态runstudywalk冠词art.用在名词前,起限定或修饰作用aanthe介词prep.表示和句中其他词的关系inonat连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句andbutif叹词inteij.表示说话时的感情或口气ohumer。